Variable |
N of IEAs covered |
Values |
Link to dataset and coding manual |
Reference users should cite |
Provisions for amending, modifying, or revising the text of the agreement |
N= 172 |
Yes = 126 |
Dataset, data and Coding Manual |
IEA Database Project 2007 (Mitchell and Rothman 2007) |
Provisions for ad hoc or non-regular meetings of the Parties that do not entail an organizational body |
N= 172 |
Yes = 36 |
Dataset and Coding Manual |
IEA Database Project 2007 (Mitchell and Rothman 2007) |
Provisions that address how disputes will be resolved, whether through dispute settlement, arbitration, mediation, or other alternatives. |
N= 172 |
Yes = 95 |
Dataset and Coding Manual |
IEA Database Project 2007 (Mitchell and Rothman 2007) |
Provisions for financing the administration of the organizations associated with the agreement |
N= 172 |
Yes = 95 |
Dataset and Coding Manual |
IEA Database Project 2007 (Mitchell and Rothman 2007) |
Provisions for financing programmatic elements of the agreement |
N= 172 |
Yes = 63 |
Dataset and Coding Manual |
IEA Database Project 2007 (Mitchell and Rothman 2007) |
Provisions describing the functions of the highest decision-making body identified in the agreement |
N= 172 |
Yes = 117 |
Dataset and Coding Manual |
IEA Database Project 2007 (Mitchell and Rothman 2007) |
Provisions describing the structure of the highest decision-making body identified in the agreement |
N= 172 |
Yes = 125 |
Dataset and Coding Manual |
IEA Database Project 2007 (Mitchell and Rothman 2007) |
Secondary provisions that delineate measures intended to increase the likelihood that members will fulfill the substantive commitments they make under the agreement, including provisions related to monitoring, evaluation of, and responses to compliance, noncompliance, and behavioral change. |
N= 172 |
Yes = 132 |
Dataset and Coding Manual |
IEA Database Project 2007 (Mitchell and Rothman 2007) |
Provisions detailing information exchanges (reports, communications, notifications, data exchanges) among Parties or between a Party and an organization |
N= 172 |
Yes = 157 |
Dataset and Coding Manual |
IEA Database Project 2007 (Mitchell and Rothman 2007) |
Provisions that define who can and cannot be a member and the procedures for becoming a member. |
N= 172 |
Yes = 157 |
Dataset and Coding Manual |
IEA Database Project 2007 (Mitchell and Rothman 2007) |
Provisions that mention relationships to any other international agreements or organizations |
N= 172 |
Yes = 162 |
Dataset and Coding Manual |
IEA Database Project 2007 (Mitchell and Rothman 2007) |
Provisions that define the conditions under which members may terminate, withdraw, suspend, or invalidate the terms of the agreement |
N= 172 |
Yes = 146 |
Dataset and Coding Manual |
IEA Database Project 2007 (Mitchell and Rothman 2007) |
Provisions delineating procedures for evaluating and revising the terms of the agreement |
N= 172 |
Yes = 64 |
Dataset and Coding Manual |
IEA Database Project 2007 (Mitchell and Rothman 2007) |
Provisions on the functions of executive bodies, scientific or implementation committees, and other subsidiary organizations |
N= 172 |
Yes = 86 |
Dataset and Coding Manual |
IEA Database Project 2007 (Mitchell and Rothman 2007) |
Provisions on the structure of executive bodies, scientific or implementation committees, and other subsidiary organizations |
N= 172 |
Yes = 108 |
Dataset and Coding Manual |
IEA Database Project 2007 (Mitchell and Rothman 2007) |
Provisions that refer to science, scientific research, and/or technical research |
N= 172 |
Yes = 146 |
Dataset and Coding Manual |
IEA Database Project 2007 (Mitchell and Rothman 2007) |
Provisions on the functions of the "administrative staff" for the agreement |
N= 172 |
Yes = 91 |
Dataset and Coding Manual |
IEA Database Project 2007 (Mitchell and Rothman 2007) |
Provisions on the structure of the "administrative staff" for the agreement |
N= 172 |
Yes = 83 |
Dataset and Coding Manual |
IEA Database Project 2007 (Mitchell and Rothman 2007) |
Provisions that limit the legal power of the agreement by clarifying the sovereign rights retained by member countries or by other actors despite the operation of the agreement |
N= 172 |
Yes = 130 |
Dataset and Coding Manual |
IEA Database Project 2007 (Mitchell and Rothman 2007) |
Whether a treaty contains ambiguous or no specifications pertaining to standards or goals to be achieved, or whether it quantifies standards or goals, for example in the form of specific emission targets.” |
N= 211 |
160 |
|
|
Measures whether or not the treaty includes monitoring provisions |
N=211 |
147 |
||
Indicates whether or not the treaty includes enforcement provisions |
N= 211 |
65 |
||
Measures whether an agreement includes dispute settlement provisions |
N= 211 |
120 |
||
Secretariat. Own secretariat = A ; existing secretariat = B |
N= 211 |
A = 64 ; B = 94 |
||
“Captures whether member countries are to be granted technical and/or financial assistance to meet the treaty’s goals” |
N= 211 |
All = 23 ; developing = 25 |
||
A fund is to be used or to be established as a financial source. |
N= 178 |
|
||
Fund usage across membership. Some members= A ; All members= B |
N=178 |
|
||
Fund contribution. voluntarily = A; mandatory al l= B ; mandatory some = C |
N= 178 |
|
||
Breadth of TNAs allowed to participate at CoPs (no, unspecified, small, medium, full) |
N= 178 |
|
||
Depth of transnational actors granted access (no, unspecific, observe, speak, vote) |
N= 178 |
|
||
Permanence of transnational actors granted access (no, unspecified, ad hoc, conditional, permanent) |
N= 178 |
|
||
Cross-references across phosphorous- and nitrogen- related instruments |
N= 99 |
|
||
Integrated regulation takes the form of international agreements that build on one another to manage a specific issue that had been regulated under an earlier agreement |
|
|
||
Conservation and/or sustainable use of resources |
N= 29 |
8 |
||
Protection of wild flora and fauna, environment and nature |
N= 29 |
18 |
||
Precautionary principle |
29 |
10 |
||
Inter-generational equity |
29 |
6 |
||
Intra-generational equity |
N= 29 |
5 |
||
Saving clauses. No mention = A; use existing international law = B; defer to past treaties if they are in the same spirit = C defer to particular past treaties in the same policy field = D; defer to particular past treaties in a different policy field = E; defer to all past treaties = F |
N= 67 |
A = 21%; B = 35%; C = 3%; D = 15%; E = 4%; F = 21% |
||
Policy functions delegated. Rule making = A; Adjudication = B; Implementation = C; Monitoring = D; Enforcement = E |
N= 152 |
A = 22%; B = 6%; C = 55%; D = 12%; E = 5% |
||
Actors responsible for delegated policy functions. States = A ; state agent(s)= B; an IO = C private actor = D |
N= 152 |
|
||
Preamble refers to human health |
N= 2280 |
150 |
||
Provisions that mention the importance of a resource to human health |
N= 2280 |
20 |
||
Substance or activity considered dangerous to human health |
N= 2280 |
97 |
||
Protection of human health as one of the objectives of the agreement |
N= 2280 |
96 |
||
Recognition of a right to health |
N= 2280 |
12 |
||
Precautionary principle related to human health |
N= 2280 |
13 |
||
Importer can impose a quarantine |
N= 2280 |
54 |
||
Parties should invest in national health services and capacities |
N= 2280 |
4 |
||
Exceptions and safeguards to preserve human health |
N= 2280 |
61 |
||
Harmonization of domestic measures related to health policy |
N= 2280 |
10 |
||
Provisions that compel or encourage the Parties to cooperate with the World Health Organization |
N= 2280 |
6 |
||
Provisions that compel or encourage the Parties to cooperate with health institutions other than the WHO |
N= 2280 |
3 |
||
Reference to World Health Organization (Excludes calls for cooperation, ratification, implementation and prevalence) |
N= 2280 |
10 |
||
Presence or absence of “a secretariat to provide reporting and coordination” |
N= 266 |
65% |
||
Presence or absence of “scientific mandates requiring periodic expert review and assessment” |
N= 266 |
50% |
||
Presence or absence of “specific enforcement mechanisms to aid in implementation (e.g., compliance committees, boarding and inspection agreements, etc.)” |
N= 266 |
13% |
||
Citation to trade agreements. Cooperation with WTO = A; Cooperation with UNCTAD = B; Cooperation with PTA = C; Cooperation with other trade institutions = D; Implementation of trade agreements = E; Prevalence of trade agreement = F; Ratification of trade agreement = G; Trade organization as depositary = H; Reference to WTO = I; Reference to UNCTAD = J; Reference to PTA = K; Reference to other trade institution = L |
N= 2602 |
A=2; B=4; C= 20; D= 20; E= 31; F= 13; G= 9; H= 13; I = 32; J= 6; K= 225; L=61 |
||
Additive Flexibility index, including: 1) exceptions to the main obligations; 2) the explicit possibility to make reservations; 3) a notification period of less than 12 months to withdraw from the agreement; 4) a minimum validity period of less than 5 years; 5) the possibility to withdraw partially from the agreement; 6) and a fixed duration for the agreement with the possibility of renewal. |
N= 2090 |
From 0 to 3. Mean 0.878 |
Morin, Tremblay-Auger, Peacock, 2021
|
|
Collective body. Clauses that either: (A) create a new collective body involving all parties, (B) establish a collective body with a subset of parties (C) or provide new functions to an existing collective body |
N= 2090 |
865 |
||
Indicates that states completed an agreement (on water) that was integrated with an earlier agreement |
|
|
||
Membership eligibility. Close or Open. |
N= 517 |
Closed = 153; Open = 136 |
||
Restriction basis for membership eligibility. IO/other treaty = A; Geography = B; By invitation = C; Designated states = D; Functional = E |
N= 517 |
A= 80; B =60; C = 39; D = 26; E = 23 |
||
Consent to be bound. Entry into force upon signature = A; Delay after conditions met = B; Delay after conditions met = C |
N= 517 |
A = 88; B = 424; C=181 |
||
Duration of the agreement. Indefinite = A language missing = B; Autoextension = C; Duration limited = D |
N= 517 |
A= 72 B = 362; C = 55; D = 28 |
||
Reservation. language missing = A; No reservation allowed = B; only ratification reservations = C; All reservations allowed = D; some reservation allowed =E |
N= 517 |
A = 368; B = 81; C= 24; D = 23; E =21 |
||
Citations between MEAs |
N=637 |
1089 citations |
Dataset and codebook | |
Role of federated entities. (A) federated entities are authorized to sign, ratify or access the IEA; (B) federated entities must comply with obligations in the agreements; (C) IEA favours the participation of federated entities in its implementation; (D) federated entites have signed the IEAs | N=2077 | A=4; B= 34; C= 48; D=100 | Dataset | Morin, Fournier Paquin 2022 |
Environmental law principles: CBDR (A), precautionary principle (B) and polluter pays principle (C) | N= 2720 |
A= 48 B= 103 C= 58 |
Dataset and codebook | Morin, Allan and Jinnah 2023 |
Amendment procedures | N= 847 | main text and annex | Bélanger and Morin 2023 | |
Trade provisions | N= 2104 | 47 different types of trade provisions | Morin, Brandi and Schwab 2023 | |