Measures Approved or Recommended under Article IX in Furtherance of the Principles and Objectives of the Antarctic Treaty of 1 December 1959, Christchurch (New Zealand), 1997
Done at Christchurch 30 May 1997
Entered into force (not in force)
Depository: United States of America
Primary source citation: Copy of text provided by the U.S. Department of State
MEASURE 1 (1997)
Antarctic Protected Areas System:
Revised Description and Management Plan for
Specially Protected Area
SPA 5 Beaufort Island (Annex A)
The Representatives,
Recalling Recommendations XV-8 and XV-9/VIII-3
Noting that revised and new Area Descriptions and Proposed Management Plans have been endorsed by the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR);
Noting also that the format of the revised and new Area Descriptions and proposed Management Plans accord with Article 5 of Annex V of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty adopted under recommendation XVI-10;
Recommend to their Governments the following Measure for approval in accordance with paragraph 4 of Article IX of the Antarctic Treaty:
For Specially Protected Area No. 5 Beaufort Island (Annex A)
1. That the Description inserted in Annex B, Specially Protected Areas, of the Agreed Measures for the Conservation of Antarctic Fauna and Flora shall be deleted.
2. That the Description and Management Plan of the Specially Protected Area at Annex A shall be inserted in Annex B, Specially Protected Areas, of the Agreed Measures for the Conservation of Antarctic Fauna and Flora.
Management Plan for
Specially Protected Area (SPA) No. 5
BEAUFORT ISLAND, McMURDO SOUND, ROSS SEA

1. Description of Values to be Protected
Beaufort Island was originally designated in Recommendation IV-5 (1966, SPA No. 5) after a proposal by New Zealand on the grounds that it “contains substantial and varied avifauna, that it is one of the most important breeding grounds in the region, and that it should be protected to preserve the natural ecological system as a reference area”. The Area has been set aside primarily to protect the site’s ecological values and these reasons for long-term special protection still apply.
The island comprises a variety of terrain and habitats: gently sloping ice-free ground with summer ponds and small meltwater streams draining to the coast; moderately sloping ice fields covering much of the west side of the island; and steep, rugged cliffs on the eastern slopes. Recent investigations indicate the avifauna is not as varied as first thought, but there exists a large Adélie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) colony, a small breeding colony of Emperor penguins (Aptenodytes forsteri), and several breeding colonies of South polar skua (Catharacta maccormicki). The boundaries of the Area, which previously excluded the Emperor colony, have been extended to include fast-ice occupied by breeding birds.
Site visits in January 1995 and 1997 discovered and described a significant area of vegetation previously unrecorded on an ice-cored moraine bench of up to 50 m wide and 5–7 metres above the beach on the north of the island. The vegetation is exceptional both in its quantity and quality, and is the most extensive, continuous area of mosses yet known for the McMurdo Sound region. Although the area is extensive (approximately 2.5 ha), the moss community is dominated by a single species, Bryum argenteum: the essentially monospecific character of the site is also unique. The site enjoys warm summer temperatures because of its northerly aspect and shelter from southerly winds by high ice cliffs. The local microclimate, stability of the substrate and supply of water from the nearby ice-cliffs and snow banks are favourable for vegetation growth. As a result there is also a diverse community of algae, and while a detailed algal survey has not yet been undertaken, Prasiola crispa is particularly abundant throughout the site, together with a number of unicellular chlorophytes and xanthophytes (including Botrydiopsis and Pseudococcomyxa), and cyanobacteria (particularly scillatorians) mixed with the Prasiola. Green snow algae, a mixture of Chloromonas and Klebsormidium, are present as well as the red snow algae Chlamydomonas sp., Chloromonas sp., and Chlamydomonas nivalis. This represents one of the most southerly locations where red snow algae have been observed. The exceptional plant communities at this site are fragile and vulnerable to disturbance and destruction by trampling, sampling and/or through foreign introductions. Conservation of the ecological and scientific values of this community are important reasons for special protection at Beaufort Island.As an isolated island difficult of access, the site is known to have been visited only infrequently. Beaufort Island has not been comprehensively studied or documented but is largely undisturbed by direct human activity. In particular, Beaufort Island has been exposed to fewer opportunities for direct exotic biological introductions than many other sites in the Ross Sea. The ecological, scientific and aesthetic values derived from the isolation and relatively low level of human impact are important reasons for special protection at Beaufort Island.
2. Aims and Objectives
Management at Beaufort Island aims to:
• avoid degradation of, or substantial risk to, the values of the Area by preventing unnecessary human disturbance to the Area;
• preserve the natural ecosystem as a reference area largely undisturbed by direct human activities;
• allow scientific research on the natural ecosystems, plant communities, avifauna and soils in the Area ­provided it is for compelling reasons which cannot be served elsewhere;
• minimise human disturbance to plant communities by preventing unnecessary sampling;
• minimise the possibility of introduction of alien plants, animals and microbes to the Area;
• allow visits for management purposes in support of the aims of the management plan.


3. Management Activities
The following management activities are to be undertaken to protect the values of the Area:
• Markers, signs or structures erected within the Area for scientific or management purposes shall be secured and maintained in good condition, and removed when no longer necessary.
• Visits shall be made as necessary to assess whether the Area continues to serve the purposes for which it was designated and to ensure management and maintenance measures are adequate.
• National Antarctic Programmes operating in the region shall consult together with a view to ensuring these steps are carried out.
4. Period of Designation
Designated for an indefinite period.
5. Maps and Photographs
Map A: Beaufort Island regional topographic map. The map is derived from the orthophotograph in Map B, using Map B specifications. Inset: McMurdo Sound, showing Ross Island and the location of McMurdo Station (US) and Scott Base (NZ). The nearest protected areas are SSSI-10 (Caughley Beach) and SPA-20 (New College Valley) at Cape Bird, and SSSI-1 (Cape Royds).
Map B: Beaufort Island regional orthophotograph.
Orthophotograph specifications:
Projection: Lambert conformal conic; Standard parallels: 1st 76° 40 00 S; 2nd 79° 20 00 S; Central Meridian: 167° 00 00 E; Latitude of Origin: 78° 01 16.211 S.
Spheroid: WGS84. The original orthophotograph was prepared at 1:5000 with a positional accuracy of ±2.5 m (horizontal and vertical) with an on-ground pixel resolution of 1 m. Photography: USGS/DoSLI (SN7850) 22 November 1993.
Map C: North Beaufort Island site orthophotograph. Specifications are the same as in Map B. The site of rich vegetation is indicated by hachures. The precise area of fast-ice occupied by breeding Emperor penguins is subject to variation both seasonally and inter-annually.
Map D: South Beaufort Island site orthophotograph. Specifications are the same as in Map B.
Figure 1: Perspective view of Beaufort Island from an elevation of 225 m, 900 m out from the preferred Helicopter Pad at an azimuth of 300° W.
6. Description of the Area
6(i) Geographical coordinates, boundary markers and natural features
The designated Area encompasses the whole of Beaufort Island (76°58 S, 167°00 E Map A) above the mean high water mark, and includes adjacent fast-ice occupied by breeding Emperor penguins. The 7 km by 3.2 km island rises to 771 m at Paton Peak. The west side of the island is predominantly an ice field with ice cliffs of about 20 m on the coast, while the east and south sides of the island are largely ice-free, with steep and inaccessible cliffs rising straight from the sea. In view of the isolation of Beaufort Island and the current low levels of shipping activity in the region, boundary markers and signs have not been installed to mark the Area: the need for marking should be re-evaluated at each management plan review.
Beaufort Island is one of a series of late Tertiary volcanic vents that developed along a line of weakness in the Ross Sea floor. The geology is typical of an eroded, sub-aerially produced basaltic complex, with lava flows and explosion breccias and tuffs evident. Many of the volcanic rocks have been intruded by a series of late stage basaltic dikes, and there is evidence of layered ash-fall tuffs and welded spatter flows from local subsidiary cinder and spatter cones. Cadwalader Beach comprises a beach foreland and cuspate spit, backed by steep basaltic cliffs and several talus cones. A series of beach ridges, which are generally occupied by the breeding penguins, have trapped meltwater ponds and mark the growth of the beach face away from the cliffs with time. A series of raised beaches is evident at the northeastern end of the island, some with evidence (quills and guano) of former and apparently substantial penguin colonies. Sub-tidal (abrasion) platforms and massive boulders are found below the highly weathered eastern
 
and southern cliffs. An Adélie colony of 46,000 pair (1987 count) occupies the flat area at Cadwalader Beach (Map D). Above the steep cliffs that rise behind the colony, a population of skuas (numbers unknown) nest on more gentle ice-free slopes at the edge of the permanent ice field on the west flank of the island. This ice field is punctuated mid-way by a 2 km line of rocky outcrops at an elevation of approximately 200 m. In the north the ice field broadens into an extensive flat area of less than 50 m elevation, NE of which extends an icefree beach about 1000 m in length and 50 m wide (Map C). In January 1995 a newly-established, possibly transitory, colony of Adélie penguins (comprising 2 pairs with 3 chicks and a approximately 10-15 non-breeders) occupied the west end of this beach. Above the beach, a raised ice-cored moraine terrace (5–20 m elevation, ranging from 2-3 metres wide over most of its length but broadening to 20-50 metres at its eastern end) extends for 550 m before rising more steeply toward the unstable basaltic cliffs which persist around the entire eastern side of the island. At least three sub-fossil penguin colony deposits have been identified within the moraine terrace, each layer vertically separated by around 50–100 cm of gravels and sand, suggesting this part of the island had been occupied by a sizable breeding penguin colony in the recent past. The deposits may be useful for determining the age of former penguin colonies in the region.
A population of approximately 100 skuas (1995 count) breeds on the terrace and ice-free slopes leading toward the cliffs. The proportion of breeders to non-breeders in this population is not known, but approximately 25 and 50 chicks were counted in January 1995 and 1997 respectively.
On the fast-ice adjacent to the northern coastal reaches, a small colony of breeding Emperor penguins (1787 pairs at 1976 count; 179 pairs at 1983 count, 1355 adults at October 1994 count) is present annually between the months of approximately April to January. The size of the colony is limited by the areal extent and condition of the fast-ice, which affects the availability of breeding sites in the lee of the northern slopes of Beaufort Island. The precise location of the colony varies from year to year and the colony moves within a breeding season, but the general area of occupation is indicated on Map C. The ice-free moraine terrace on the north end of the island (Map C) also supports the richest growth of vegetation recorded on Beaufort Island. This vegetation is exceptional both in quantity and quality, and is the most extensive, continuous area of mosses yet known for the McMurdo Sound region. The site enjoys warm summer temperatures (an air temperature +13°C was recorded on 18 January 1997) because of its northerly aspect and shelter from southerly winds by a 20 m high semi-circular ice cliff. The local microclimate, stability of the ground surface and supply of water from the nearby ice-cliffs and snow banks are favourable for vegetation growth. Initially the water forms a diffuse flush but becomes progressively entrained into rivulets that have eroded narrow valleys in the edge of the terrace. The moss community is extensive (approximately 2.5 ha), with much of the site showing 100% ground cover, dominated by a single species, Bryum argenteum. One specimen of another species, Pottia heimii, was found after an extensive search: the essentially monospecific character of the site is also unique. The Bryum occurs in scattered patches at the upper (southern) margin of the bench, adjacent to the annual drift snow at the base of the ice cliff, and more continuous mats (hummocks) occur in the middle of the bench and in areas where spreading water drainage occurs, especially at the eastern end. In the upper (southern) part of the area the Bryum is intermixed with Nostoc colonies (cyanobacterium). At lower and more northerly sites in areas of high water flow the moss may be overgrown with a brown coloured mixed cyanobacterial community, particularly in areas prone to flooding, cryoturbic disturbance and, possibly, skua activity. Bryum argenteum produces dehiscent shoot tips which disperse the plants down stream. Evidence of this dispersal was commonly seen with B. argenteum sometimes occurring as small, and probably ephemeral, communities on the beach below the terrace. The moss community is known to support significant populations of mites, but a detailed survey of invertebrates on Beaufort Island has yet to be undertaken. The vegetation at Beaufort Island is comparable to the upper, wetter parts of the flush at Canada Glacier (SSSI-12), Taylor Valley, Victoria Land. The Canada Glacier flush has a common, second species, Pottia heimii, that grows in drier areas but this was almost completely absent at Beaufort Island. The reason for this is unknown, but could be due to substrate differences, the presence of numerous skuas occupying the drier areas at Beaufort Island, high nutrient levels in the melt water at Beaufort Island, or limited dispersal and colonisation opportunities. At Botany Bay (ASPA-XYZ), Granite Harbour, Victoria Land — a warmer site than at Canada Glacier but at a similar latitude to Beaufort Island — the wetter areas are occupied by the moss Ceratodon purpureus or Bryum argenteum, so that there may be a sequence from wet to dry of C. purpureus - B. argenteum - P heimii. While there is no understanding as to why C. purpureus is absent at Beaufort Island it is likely that limited dispersal and colonisation opportunities, as well as water nutrient status, may be important.
There is also a diverse community of algae, and while a detailed algal survey has not yet been undertaken, Prasiola crispa is particularly abundant throughout the site, reflecting the high nutrient status and abundance of melt water. A number of unicellular chlorophytes and xanthophytes (including Botrydiopsis and Pseudococcomyxa) and cyanobacteria (particularly scillatorians) were found mixed with the Prasiola. Green snow algae, noticeable as a green band at the lower levels of snow banks above the beach and below the ice cliffs, contained a mixture of Chloromonas and Klebsormidium. The snow and ice cliffs forming the upper edge of the beach also contain a pinkish-brown deposit, consisting largely of fine silty material as well as the red snow algae Chlamydomonas sp., Chloromonas sp., and Chlamydomonas nivalis. This represents one of the most southerly locations where red snow algae have been observed.
During a NZ/US visit in January 1995 abandoned equipment was removed from among the Adélie colony at Cadwalader Beach. No other human impact was visually evident in 1995.

6(ii) Restricted zones within the Area
None.
6(iii) Structures within and near the Area
The only structure known to exist on the island is a signpost on a prominent rock in the Adélie colony at Cadwalader Beach (Map D). The sign, erected in 1959–60, bears the names and home-towns of seamen and the Cap-tain of the HMNZS Endeavour: the sign is set in concrete and was in good condition in January 1995. The sign is of potential historic value and should remain in situ unless there are compelling reasons for its removal, which should be kept under review.
An astronomical survey station is recorded on a map of the island compiled in 1960, but it is unknown whether any associated permanent marker exists. The station is recorded as located at the south end of the main island ridgeline divide at an altitude of 549 m (Map A).
6(iv) Location of other protected areas within close proximity of the Area
The nearest protected areas to Beaufort Island are Caughley Beach (SSSI-10) and New College Valley (SPA-20) located 35 km to the south at Cape Bird, Ross Island. Cape Royds (SSSI-1) is a further 35 km to the south (Inset: Map A)
7. Permit Conditions
Entry into the Area is prohibited except in accordance with a Permit issued by appropriate national authorities. Conditions for issuing a Permit to enter the Area are that:
• it is issued only for compelling scientific reasons that cannot be served elsewhere, or for essential management purposes consistent with plan objectives such as inspection or review;
• the actions permitted will not jeopardise the ecological or scientific values of the Area;
• any management activities are in support of the aims of the Management Plan;
• the actions permitted are in accordance with the Management Plan;
• the Permit, or an authorized copy, shall be carried within the Area;
• a visit report shall be supplied to the authority named in the Permit;
• permits shall be issued for a stated period.
7(i) Access to and movement within the Area
Land vehicles are prohibited within the Area and access shall be by small boat or by aircraft. Aircraft should land on the island only at the designated site (166° 58 20 E, 76° 55 50 S: Map A) on the large flat toe of ice on the north end of the island. Should snow conditions at the designated landing site at the time of visit militate against a safe aircraft landing, a suitable mid- to late-season alternative to the designated landing site may be found at the nominated northern camp site at the western end of northern beach on Beaufort Island. It is preferred that aircraft approach and depart from the designated landing site from the south or west (Map A, Figure 1). When it is found necessary to use the alternative site at the northern beach campsite, practical considerations may dictate a northern approach: when this is the case aircraft shall avoid overflight of the area east of this site indicated on Maps A–C and Figure 1. Use of smoke grenades when landing within the Area is prohibited unless absolutely necessary for safety, and all grenades should be retrieved. There are no special restrictions on where access can be gained to the island by small boat. Pilots, air or boat crew, or other people on aircraft or boats, are prohibited from moving on foot beyond the immediate vicinity of the landing site unless specifically authorised by a Permit.
Overflight of bird breeding areas lower than 750 m (or 2500 ft) is normally prohibited: the areas where these special restrictions apply are shown on Maps A–D and Figure 1. When required for essential scientific or management purposes, transient overflight down to a minimum altitude of 300 m (1000 ft) may be allowed over these areas: conduct of such overflights must be specifically authorised by Permit.
Visitors should avoid unnecessary disturbance to birds, or walking on visible vegetation. Pedestrian traffic should be kept to the minimum consistent with the objectives of any permitted activities and every reasonable effort should be made to minimise effects.
7(ii) Activities that are or may be conducted in the Area, including restrictions on time or place
• Scientific research that will not jeopardise the ecosystem of the Area and which cannot be served elsewhere;
• Essential management activities, including monitoring.
7(iii) Installation, modification or removal of structures
No structures are to be erected within the Area except as specified in a Permit. All scientific equipment installed in the Area must be approved by Permit and clearly identified by country, name of the principal investigator and year of installation. All such items

should be made of materials that pose minimal risk of contamination of the Area. Removal of specific equipment for which the Permit has expired shall be a condition of the Permit.
7(iv) Location of field camps
Camping is permitted only at two designated sites (Maps A–D). The north camping site is located on the flat area north of the designated landing site, on a more sheltered location at the NW end of the beach, 200 m from where several pair of Adélie penguins and skuas nest (if present). The second site is located on the snow 100 m from the northern edge of the large Adélie colony at Cadwalader Beach.
7(v) Restrictions on materials and organisms which can be brought into the Area
No living animals, plant material or microorganisms shall be deliberately introduced into the Area and the precautions listed in 7(ix) below shall be taken against accidental introductions. No herbicides or pesticides shall be brought into the Area. Any other chemicals, including radio-nuclides or stable isotopes, which may be introduced for scientific or management purposes specified in the Permit, shall be removed from the Area at or before the conclusion of the activity for which the Permit was granted. Fuel is not to be stored in the Area, unless required for essential purposes connected with the activity for which the Permit has been granted. All materials introduced shall be for a stated period only, shall be removed at or before the conclusion of that stated period, and shall be stored and handled so that risk of their introduction into the environment is minimised.
7(vi) Taking or harmful interference with native flora or fauna
This is prohibited, except in accordance with a Permit. Where animal taking or harmful interference is involved this should, as a minimum standard, be in accordance with the SCAR Code of Conduct for the Use of Animals for Scientific Purposes in Antarctica.
7(vii) Collection or removal of anything not brought into the Area by the Permit holder
Material may be collected or removed from the Area only in accordance with a Permit and should be limited to the minimum necessary to meet scientific or management needs. Material of human origin likely to compromise the values of the Area, which was not brought into the Area by the Permit Holder or otherwise authorised, may be removed unless the impact of removal is likely to be greater than leaving the material in situ : if this is the case the appropriate authority should be notified.
7(viii) Disposal of waste
All wastes, including all human wastes, shall be removed from the Area.
7(ix) Measures that are necessary to ensure that the aims and objectives of the Management Plan can continue to be met
1. Permits may be granted to enter the Area to carry out biological monitoring and site inspection activities, which may involve the collection of small samples for analysis or review, or for protective measures.
2. Any specific sites of long-term monitoring shall be appropriately marked.
3. To help maintain the ecological and scientific values of the isolation and historically low level of human impact at Beaufort Island visitors shall take special precautions against introductions. Of particular concern are microbial or vegetation introductions sourced from soils at other Antarctic sites, including stations, or from regions outside Antarctica. Visitors shall take the following measures to minimise the risk of introductions:
4. Any sampling equipment or markers brought into the Area shall be sterilised and, to the maximum extent practicable, maintained in a sterile condition before being used within the Area. To the maximum extent practicable, footwear and other equipment used or brought into the Area (including backpacks or carry-bags) shall be thoroughly cleaned or sterilised and maintained in this condition before entering the Area;
5. Sterilisation should be by an acceptable method, such as by UV light, autoclave or by washing exposed surfaces in 70% ethanol solution in water.
7(x) Requirements for reports
Parties should ensure that the principal holder for each permit issued submit to the appropriate authority a report describing the activities undertaken. Such reports should include, as appropriate, the information identified in the Visit Report form suggested by SCAR. Parties should maintain a record of such activities and, in the Annual Exchange of Information, should provide summary descriptions of activities conducted by persons subject to their jurisdiction, which should be in sufficient detail to allow evaluation of the effectiveness of the Management Plan. Parties should, wherever possible, deposit originals or copies of such original reports in a publicly accessible archive tomaintain a record of usage, to be used both in any review of the management plan and in organising the scientific use of the Area.
26 The Marine Mammal Commission Compendium
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MAP 1. Beaufort Island,  sPECIALLY pROTECTED area NO. 5, TOPOGRAPHIC MAP

28 The Marine Mammal Commission Compendium

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30 The Marine Mammal Commission Compendium
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Figure 1 Beaufort Island, perspective view
 

MEASURE 2 (1997)

Antarctic Protected Areas System:
Management Plans for
Specially Protected Areas

Number 25: Cape Evans Historic Site and its environs (Annex A)
Number 26: Lewis Bay Tomb (Annex B)
The Representatives,
Recalling Recommendations XV-8 and XV-9;
Noting that Management Plans for the above Areas have been endorsed by the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR);
Noting also that the format of the Management Plans accord with Article 5 of Annex V of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty adopted under recommendation XVI-10;
Recognising that both these Areas have outstanding historic and commemorative significance which require long-term protection to ensure that their values are maintained and to avoid undue human disturbance;
Agreeing that pending entry into force of Annex V, proposals to designate and adopt management plans for the protection of historic or commemorative values should be viewed as proposals for the designation of Specially Protected Areas (SPAs) in accordance with the Agreed Measures for the Conservation of Antarctic Flora and Fauna;
Recommend to their Governments the following Measure for approval in accordance with paragraph 4 of Article IX of the Antarctic Treaty:
That the Management Plans for the Cape Evans Historic Site and its environs (SPA No. 25) and the Lewis Bay Tomb (SPA No. 26) annexed to this Measure be adopted.
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Management Plan for Specially Protected Area (SPA) No. 25
FOR HISTORIC SITES NO. 16 AND 17
(containing the historic Terra Nova hut of Captain R F Scott and its precincts)
CAPE EVANS, ROSS ISLAND
(77 degrees 38
10 S, 166 degrees 25 04 E)
1. Description of Values to be Protected
This area was originally listed as Historic Sites 16 and 17 in Recommendation VII-9. The Terra Nova hut (Historic Site No. 16) is the largest of the historic huts in the Ross Sea region. It was built in January 1911 by the British Antarctic “Terra Nova” Expedition of 1910-1913 which was led by Captain Robert Falcoln Scott, RN. It was subsequently used as a base by the Ross Sea party of Sir Ernest Shackleton’s Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition of 1914-1917.
Another major feature of this area is the Cross on Wind Vane Hill (Historic Site No. 17) which was erected in the memory of three members of Shackleton’s Ross Sea party who died in 1916. In addition to this, there are also the anchors of the ship Aurora from the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition, an instrument shelter, several supply dumps and dog kennels, and numerous artefacts distributed around the site.
The Cape Evans site is one of the principal sites of early human activity in Antarctica. It is an important symbol of the Heroic Age of Antarctic exploration, and as such, has considerable historical and cultural significance. Some of the earliest advances in the study of earth sciences, meteorology, flora and fauna are associated with the Terra Nova Expedition based at this site. The history of these activities and the contribution they have made to the understanding and awareness of Antarctica, give this Area significant scientific value.
2. Aims and Objectives
The aim of the management plan is to provide protection for the Area and its features so that its values can be preserved. The objectives of the plan are to:
• avoid degradation of, or substantial risk to, the values of the Area;
• maintain the historic values of the area through planned restoration and conservation work;
• allow management activities which support the protection of the values and features of the Area;
• prevent unnecessary human disturbance to the Area, its features and artefacts by means of managed access to the Terra Nova hut.
3. Management Activities
• a regular programme of restoration and preservation work shall be undertaken on the Terra Nova hut and associated artefacts in the Area;
• visits shall be made as necessary for management purposes;
• National Antarctic Programmes operating in, or those with an interest in, the region shall consul together with a view to ensuring the above provisions are implemented.
4. Period of Designation
Designated for an indefinite period.
5. Maps
Map A: Cape Evans regional map. This map shows the boundaries of the proposed Antarctic Specially Protected Area with significant topographical features, approaches, field camp sites and helicopter landing sites. It also shows the approximate location of significant historical items within the area. Inset: Ross Island showing sites of nearby protected areas and stations.
34 The Marine Mammal Commission Compendium

Map B: Cape Evans site map. This map shows the approximate location of specific historic artefacts and sites within the Area.
6. Description of the Area
6(i) Geographical coordinates, Boundary markers and natural features
Cape Evans is a small, triangular shaped, ice-free area in the south west of Ross Island, 10 kilometres to the south of Cape Royds and 22 kilometres to the north of Hut Point Peninsula on Ross Island. The ice-free area is composed of till-covered basalt bedrock. The designated Area is located on the north western coast of Cape Evans adjacent to Home Beach and centred on Scott’s Terra Nova hut. The boundaries of the proposed ASPA are:
• South: a line extending east from a point at 77 degrees 38 15.47 S, 166 degrees 25 9.48 E – 20 metres south of the cross on Wind Vane Hill;
• South/west: a line from the reference point above extended to follow the crest of the small ridge descending in a north westerly direction to the shoreline at 77 degrees 38
11.50 – 166 degrees 24 49.47 ;
• North/west: by the shoreline of Home Beach;
• North/east: by the line of the outlet stream from Skua Lake to Home Beach at 77 degrees 38
4.89” – 166 degrees 25 13.46 ;
• East: by the line extending south from the western edge of Skua Lade at 77 degrees 38 5.96 – 166 degrees 25 35.74 – to intersect with the southern boundary at 77 degrees 38 15.48 – 166 degrees 25 35.68 .
A major feature of the Area is Scott’s Terra Nova hut located on the north western coast of Cape Evans at Home Beach. The hut is surrounded by many historic relics and include the anchors from the Aurora, dog skeletons, instrument shelters, dog line, meteorological screen, fuel dump, magnetic hut, coal, stores, rubbish dumps and flag pole. A memorial cross to three members of Shackleton’s Ross Sea party of 1914-1917 stands on West Vane Hill. All these features are included within the boundaries of the Area.
Skuas (Catharacta maccormicki) nest on Cape Evans and Adelie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae) from the rookery at Cape Royds may occasionally transit the Area. Weddel seals have also been seen hauled up on Home Beach.
6(ii) Restricted Zones within the Area
None.
6(iii) Structures within the Area
All structures located within the Area are of historic origin, although a temporary, modern protective enclosure around the magnetic hut remains in place.
6(iv) Location of other Protected Areas within close proximity
SSSI No. 1 Cape Royds is 10 kilometres north of Cape Evans; SSSI No. 2 Arrival Heights, Hut Peninsula is 22 kilometres south of Cape Evans; and SSSI No. 11 Tramway Ridge is approximately 20 kilometres east of Cape Evans. All sites are located on Ross Island.
7. Permit Conditions
Entry to the Area is prohibited except in accordance with a Permit.
Permits shall be issued only by appropriate national authorities and may contain both general and specific conditions. A Permit may be issued by a national authority to cover a number of visits in a season. Parties operating in the Ross Sea Area shall consult together and with groups and organisations interested in visiting the site to ensure that visitor numbers are not exceeded.
General conditions for issuing a Permit to enter the site may include:
• activities related to preservation, maintenance, research and/or monitoring purposes;
• management activities in support of the objectives of the Plan;
• activities related to tourism, educational or recreational activities providing they do not conflict with the objectives of this plan.
7(i) Access to and Movement within the Area
Control of movement within the Area is necessary to prevent damage caused by crowding around the many vulnerable features within the Area. The maximum number in the Area at any time (including those within the hut is 40 people.
Control of numbers within the hut is necessary to prevent damage caused by crowding around the many vulnerable features within the hut. The maximum number within the hut at any time (including guides) is 12 people.
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Avoidance of cumulative impacts on the interior of the hut requires an annual limit on visitor numbers. The effects of the current visitor level (approximately 1,000 per calendar year (1995)) suggest that an increase of more than 100 percent could cause significant adverse impacts. The annual maximum number of visitors is 2,000 people.
These limits have been set based on current visitor levels and on the best advice available from conservation advisory agencies (which include conservators, achaeologists, historians, museologists and other heritage protection professionals). The limits are based on the proposition that any significant increase in the current level of visitor numbers would be detrimental to the values to be protected. An ongoing monitoring programme of the effects of visitors is in place. This will provide the basis for future reviews.
Helicopter landings are prohibited within the Area as they have the potential to damage the site by blowing scoria and ice particles and to accelerate the abrasion of the hut and surrounding artefacts. Landings may be made at the existing designated landing sites (see Maps 1 and 2). One site is approximately 150 metres to the north of the hut outside the Area. Another designated site is located adjacent to the field shelters erected approximately 200 metres beyond the south western boundary of the Area.
Vehicles are prohibited within the Area. Landings from the sea by boat may be made by visitors directly in front of the hut at Home Beach.
7(ii) Activities which may be conducted within the Area
Activities which may be conducted within the area include:
• visits for restoration, preservation and/or protection purposes;
• educational and/or recreational visits including tourism;
• scientific activity which does not detract from the values of the Area.
7(iii) Installation, modification and removal of structures
No new structures are to be erected in the Area, or scientific equipment installed, except for conservation activities as specified in 7(ii). No historic structure, relic or artefact shall be removed from the Area, except for the purposes of restoration and/or preservation and then only in accordance with a Permit.
7(iv) Location of field camps
Use of the historic hut for living purposes is not permitted.
Camping is prohibited in the Area under any circumstances. An existing field camp site is located approximately 300 metres beyond the south western boundary of the area (see Map 2). Two Antarctica New Zealand (New Zealand Antarctic Institute) field shelters are located at this site and should be used by all parties intending to camp in this area. The helicopter pad has been relocated away from the immediate vicinity of Scott’s hut inside the Area, to a point immediately outside the Area near the north east boundary. To the north east of Scott’s hut is the site of the Greenpeace year-round World Park Base which was removed in 1991-92. the plaque which marked this site was removed in January 1996.
7(v) Restrictions on materials and organisms which may be brought to the Area
No living animals or plant material shall be introduced to the Area.
No poultry products, including food products containing uncooked dried eggs, shall be taken into the Area.
Chemicals which may be introduced for management purposes shall be removed from the Area at or before the conclusion of the activity specified in the plan.
Fuel, food or other materials are not to be left in depots in the Area, unless required for essential purposes connected with the protection and conservation of the historic structures or associated relics. All such materials are to be removed when no longer required.
Smoking, or the use of any naked flame including lanterns, is not permitted in the hut under any circumstances.
7(vi) Taking or harmful interference with native flora and fauna
This activity is prohibited except in accordance with a Permit. Where animal taking or harmful interference is involved, this should, as a minimum standard, be in accordance with the SCAR Code of Conduct for the Use of Animals for Scientific Purposes in Antarctica.
7(vii) Collection or removal of anything not introduced by visitors
Material may be collected and removed from the Area only for restoration, preservation or protection reasons and only in accordance with the management activities detailed as necessary to protect the values of the area in a Permit. Visitors must remove objects, substances, and waste produced by them during their time in the Area. Samples from or specimens of fauna, flora and soil may be removed for scientific purposes only in accordance with an appropriate Permit.

7(viii) Disposal of waste
All human waste and grey water shall be removed from the Area. Waste generated by work parties shall be removed from the Area.
7(ix) Measures that may be necessary to ensure that the aims and objectives of the management plan continue to be met
1. the Permit, or an authorised copy, must be carried within the Area;
2. provision of information for visitors;
3. development of skills and resources, particularly those related to conservation and preservation techniques, to assist with the protection of the Area’s values.
7(x) Requirements for Reports
Parties should ensure that the principal holder for each Permit issued submit to the appropriate authority a report describing the activities undertaken. Such reports should include, as appropriate, the information identified in the Visit Report suggested by SCAR. Parties should maintain a record of such activities and, in the Annual Exchange of Information, should provide summary descriptions of activities conducted by persons subject to their jurisdiction, in sufficient detail to allow an evaluation of the effectiveness of the Management Plan. Parties should wherever possible deposit originals or copies of such reports in a publicaly accessible archive to maintain a record of usage, to be used both for review of the Management Plan and in organising the use of the site.
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38 The Marine Mammal Commission Compendium
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Map A – Cape Evans, Antarctic Specially Protected Area: regional map

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Map B – Cape Evans, Antarctic Specially Protected Area: site map

Management Plan for Specially Protected Area (SPA) No. 26
LEWIS BAY, MOUNT EREBUS, ROSS ISLAND
1. Description of Values to be Protected
An area on the lower slopes of Mount Erebus, above Lewis Bay on the north side of Ross Island, was originally declared a tomb in Recommendation XI-3 (1081) after notification by New Zealand that 257 people of several nationalities had lost their lives when the DC-10 aircraft in which they were travelling crashed at this site on 28 November 1979. In spite of the determined and courageous actions of the New Zealand and United States Antarctic expeditions the bodies of some of those who died could not be recovered. Expressing deep sympathy with the Government and people of New Zealand, the tomb was declared in order to ensure that the area be left in peace. These reasons for special protection are still valid, and the Area is to be kept inviolate as a mark of respect in remembrance and in order to protect the site’s emotional values.
In late 1979 a six foot Oregon timber cross was erected close to the crash site as a memorial to those who lost their lives. After damage by wind, this cross was replaced on 30 January 1987 with a cross of stainless steel, located on a rocky promontory overlooking and approximately 3 kilometres from the site. This is not part of the protected area, but is an Historic Monument (Number 73) in recognition of the commemorative and symbolic values of the cross.
2. Aims and Objectives
Management at Lewis Bay aims to:
• avoid degradation of, or substantial risk to, the values of the Area;
• ensure the crash site is kept inviolate and prevent unnecessary human disturbance to the Area;
• allow visits to the nearby site of the memorial cross for the purposes of commemoration to to pay respects;
• allow visits for the purpose in support of the aims of the management plan.
3. Management Activities
The following management activities are to be undertaken to protect the values of the Area:
• all pilots operating in the region shall be informed of the location, boundaries and restrictions applying to entry and overflight in the Area;
• visits shall be made as necessary (no less than once every five years) for inspection and to assess whether the Area continues to serve the purposes for which it was designated;
• National Antarctic Programmes operating in the region shall consult together with a view to ensuring these steps are carried out.
4. Period of designation
Designated for an indefinite period.
5. Maps and Photographs
Map A: Lewis Bay protected area topographic map. Note: Map A is derived from the Antarctic Digital Database (ADD) Version 1.0, 1993 which was prepared to a base scale of 1:250,000 under the auspices of SCAR. Positional corrections have been applied to the ADD source data using 1993 and 1995 Global Positioning System (GPS) data and 1993 aerial photography. Accuracy of the map remains approximate pending publication of new and accurate Ross Island maps at 1:50,000 scale. The geographical coordinates of the crash site and other features are considered accurate to within approximately 100-200 m horizontally. Elevation data are considered accurate to approximately 100 m vertically.
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Map A specifications: Projection: Lambert conformal conic; standard parallels: 1st 79°18 00 S; 2nd 76°42 00 S; Central Meridian: 167°30 00 E; Latitude of Origin: 78°01 16.211 S; Spheriod: GRS80.
INSET: Lewis Bay, Ross Island location map, showing sites of nearby protected areas and stations.
Figure 1: Photograph of the Lewis Bay area and crash site from the memorial cross.
6. Description of the Area
6(i) Geographical coordinates, boundary markers and natural features
The designated Area on Ross Island (Map A) encompasses the crash zone (centred on 167° 28 30 E, 77°25 29 S, elevation 520 m (1720 feet) and the surrounding glacial ice 2 km above and to either side of this position, extends as a 4 km wide “rectangle” down to the sea, and includes the airspace above this region to an altitude of 1000 m (3280 feet) with the exception of a 200 m wide air access “corridor” along the coastline. The west boundary of the Area is the 167°23 33 E meridian; the east boundary is the 167°33 27 E meridian. The south boundary is the 77°26 33 S parallel, while the north boundary is defined by the coastline. The aircraft’s primary impact occurred at an elevation of 446.7 m: debris was spread up-slope 570 m from that point over an area 120 m wide to an elevation of 580 m (1900 feet). Much of the aircraft wreckage is now buried in ice and is slowly moving down-slope with the glacier (see Figure 1). The bodies of some of those who died could not be recovered and remain in the Area. Boundary markers have not been placed to mark the Area for two reasons: their presence is considered detrimental to the inviolate values of the site, and their maintenance would be impractical on the moving glacier.
6(ii) Restricted Zones within the Area
None
6(iii) Structures within and near the Area
The stainless steel memorial cross (Historic Site Number 73) is located on a rocky outcrop (167°33’43”E, 77°26’38”S; elevation 810 m (2660 feet)) approximately 3 km SE of the crash site, and is a symbol of the special significance of the Area. No other structures exist within or near the Area. Debris from the aircraft remains in situ.
6(iv) Location of other protected areas within close proximity of the Area
The nearest protected area to Lewis Bay is SSSI-11 at Tramway Ridge (15 km distant) near the summit of Mount Erebus. Caughley Beach (SSSI-10) and New College Valley (SPA-20) (at Cape Bird) and Cape Royds (SSSI-1) are approximately 35 km west on Ross Island. Cape Crozier (SSSI-4) is 40 km to the east (Inset: Map A).
7. Permit Conditions
Entry into the Area is prohibited except in accordance with a Permit issued by appropriate national authorities. Conditions for issuing a Permit to enter the Area are that:
• it is issued only for compelling purposes that are in support of the aims of the Management Plan;
• the actions permitted will not compromise the values of the Area;
• the actions permitted are in accordance with the Management Plan;
• the Permit, or an authorised copy, shall be carried within the Area;
• a visit report shall be supplied to the authority named in the Permit;
• permits shall be issued for a stated period.
7(i) Access to and movement within the Area
Land vehicles are prohibited within the Area and access shall be by foot or helicopter. Overflight of the Area is prohibited below 1000 m (3280 feet) above sea level, except for essential access related to the values for which this site is protected, or for inspection and monitoring of the site (at least once every five years). An exception to the overflight restriction is provided by a 200 m wide access “corridor” through the Area immediately adjacent to the coastline (Map A), which allows transit of aircraft through the Area at times when visibility or conditions make avoidance of the Area otherwise impractical. No special restrictions apply to the air routes used to move to and from the Area by helicopter when access is permitted. Use of helicopter smoke grenades within the Area is prohibited unless absolutely necessary for safety, and these should be retrieved.
7(ii) Activities that are or may be conducted in the Area, including restrictions on time or place
All visits to the Area for any purpose shall be made recognising the principal values to be protected in the Area, and as far as possible the Area should be left in peace. Visits may be made for essential inspection to ensure the values of the Area are being maintained, and to determine if materials at the site present a problem by emergence from the ice and then possible wind dispersal,
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or for securing or removal of such items. Visits may also be made for removal of materials introduced into the Area subsequent to its designation, if appropriate.
7(iii) Installation, modification or removal of structures
No structures are to be erected within the Area except as specified in a Permit. It is prohibited to modify or remove any structure that was present within the Area at the time of special protection designation.
7(iv) Location of Field Camps
Camping is prohibited within the Area, unless under exceptional circumstances for management or protection. Where camping is required for such activities, the site selected shall be no closer than 200 m from the location of the wreckage at the time of the visit.
7(v) Restrictions on materials which can be brought into the Area
It is prohibited to introduce any materials into the Area. Smoke grenades used when absolutely necessary for ­safety of air operations should be retrieved.
7(vi) Taking or harmful interference with native flora or fauna
Taking or harmful interference with native flora or fauna is prohibited within the Area.
7(vii) Collection or removal of anything not brought into the Area by the Permit holder
Collection or removal of anything not brought into the Area by the Permit holder is prohibited, unless it has been determined that materials at the site are emerging from the ice and their dispersal by wind presents a management problem. If this is the case, such materials should be appropriately disposed of with due regard to the families of victims and according to national procedures. Materials introduced into the Area subsequent to designation may be removed unless the impact of removal is likely to be greater than leaving the material in situ: if this is the case the appropriate authority should be notified.
7(viii) Disposal of Waste
It is prohibited to dispose of any waste, including all human wastes, within the Area.
7(ix) Measures that are necessary that the aims and objectives of the Management Plan can continue to be met
None specified.
7(x) Requirements for Reports
Parties should ensure that the principal holder for each permit issued submit to the appropriate authority a report describing the activities undertaken. Such reports include, as appropriate, the information identified in the Visit Report form suggested by SCAR. Parties should maintain a record of activities and, in the Annual Exchange of Information, should provide summary descriptions of activities conducted by persons subject to their jurisdiction, which should be in sufficient detail to allow evaluation of the effectiveness of the Management Plan. Parties should, wherever possible, deposit originals or copies of such original reports in a publicly accessible archive to maintain a record of usage in any review of the management plan.
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44 The Marine Mammal Commission Compendium
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Figure 1. Lewis Bay from memorial cross site (December 1993).

MEASURE 3 (1997)
Antarctic Protected Areas System: Revised Descriptions and Management Plans for Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI)
SSSI 11: Tramway Ridge
SSSI 12: Canada Glacier, Taylor Valley, Victoria Land (Annex A)
SSSI 13: Potter Peninsula, 25 de Mayo Island (King George Island), South Shetland Islands (Annex B)
SSSI 14: Harmony Point, Nelson Island, South Shetland Islands (Annex C)
SSSI 15: Cierva Point, Danco Coast, Antarctic Peninsula (Annex D)
SSSI 37: Botany Bay, Cape Geology, Victoria Land
The Representatives,
Recommend to their Governments the following Measure for approval in accordance with paragraph 4 of Article IX of the Antarctic Treaty:
1. For the following Sites of Special Scientific Interest, that the relevant Management Plans annexed to this Measure be inserted in the Annex to Recommendation XIII-8 to replace those plans previously annexed to this Recommendation:
SSSI 12: Canada Glacier, Taylor Valley, Victoria Land (Annex A)
SSSI 13: Potter Peninsula, 25 de Mayo Island (King George Island), South Shetland Islands (Annex B)
SSSI 14: Harmony Point, Nelson Island, South Shetland Islands (Annex C)
SSSI 15: Cierva Point, Danco Coast, Antarctic Peninsula (Annex D)
2. For SSSI No. 37 Botany Bay, Cape Geology, Victoria Land, that the Management Plan annexed to this Measure (Annex E) be approved and adopted.
3. For SSSI No. 11 Tramway Ridge, that the term ‘restricted zone’ be changed to ‘prohibited zone’.
4. That the Consultative Parties ensure that their nationals comply with the mandatory provisions of the new and revised management plans.
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Management Plan for Site of
Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) No. 12
CANADA GLACIER, TAYLOR VALLEY, VICTORIA LAND
1. Description of values to be protected
An area of 1 km2 to the east side of Canada Glacier was originally designated in Recommendation XIII-8 (1985, SSSI No. 12) after a proposal by New Zealand on the grounds that it contains some of the richest plant growth (bryophytes and algae) in the southern Victoria Land Dry Valleys. As such, the Area is of exceptional intrinsic ecological value, and is also of scientific value to botanists, zoologists and microbiologists. The Area is designated primarily to protect the site’s ecological values. It is also valuable as a reference site for other dry valley ecosystems. The boundaries of this site have been changed such that the Area now includes biologically rich communities that were previously excluded. The Area, located at an elevation of between 20 and 220 m, comprises gently to moderately sloping ice-free ground with summer ponds and small meltwater streams draining from the Canada Glacier to Lake Fryxell. Most of the plant growth occurs in a flush area close to the glacier in the central part of the Area. The composition and distribution of the plant communities in the Area are correlated closely with the water regime. Thus, water courses and water quality are important to the values of the site. The Area is unusual in that it receives higher levels of moisture compared with other parts of the south Victoria Land Dry Valleys, and is sheltered from strong winds by the nearby 20 m glacier face.
The Area has been well-studied and documented, which adds to its scientific value. However, the plant communities are fragile and vulnerable to disturbance and destruction by trampling and sampling. Damaged areas will be slow to recolonise. Sites damaged at known times in the past have been identified, which are valuable in that they provide one of the few areas in the Dry Valleys where the long-term effects of disturbance, and recovery rates, can be measured.
The Area requires long-term special protection because of its exceptional moss communities for the south Victoria Land Dry Valleys and thus ecological importance; its scientific values; the limited geographical extent of the ecosystem; the vulnerability of the Area to disturbance through trampling, sampling, pollution or alien introductions; and in view of the existing and increasing pressure from scientific, logistic and tourist activities in the region.
2. Aims and objectives
Management at Canada Glacier aims to:
• avoid degradation of, or substantial risk to, the values of the Area by preventing unnecessary human disturbance to the Area;
• allow scientific research on the ecosystem and elements of the ecosystem in particular moss communities while ensuring protection from over-sampling;
• allow other scientific research provided it is for compelling reasons which cannot be served elsewhere;
• minimise the possibility of introduction of alien plants, animals and microbes to the Area;
• allow visits for management purposes in support of the aims of the management plan.
3. Management Activities
The following management activities are to be undertaken to protect the values of the Area:
• Signs illustrating the location and boundaries with clear statements of entry restrictions shall be placed at appropriate locations at the boundaries of the Area to help avoid inadvertant entry.
• Signs showing the location of the Area (stating the special restrictions that apply) shall be displayed prominently, and a copy of this Management Plan shall be kept available, in all of the research hut facilities located in the Taylor Valley that are within 20 km of the Area.
• Brightly coloured markers, clearly visible from the air and posing no significant threat to the environment, shall be placed to mark the helicopter landing pad.
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• Durable wind direction indicators should be erected close to the designated helicopter landing site. These should be replaced as needed and removed when no longer required.
• Markers, signs or structures erected within the Area for scientific or management purposes shall be secured and maintained in good condition.
• Visits shall be made as necessary (no less than once every five years) to assess whether the Area continues to serve the purposes for which it was designated and to ensure management and maintenance measures are adequate.
• National Antarctic Programmes operating in the region shall consult together with a view to ensuring these steps are carried out.
4. Period of Designation
Designated for an indefinite period.
5. Maps and Photographs
Map A: Canada Glacier, Taylor Valley, location map. Map specifications:
Projection: Lambert conformal conic;
Standard parallels: 1st 79° 18
00 S; 2nd 76° 42 00 S
Central Meridian: 162° 30
00 E Latitude of Origin: 78° 01 16.2106 S;
Spheroid: WGS84.
Inset: McMurdo Dry Valleys and Ross Island region, showing the location of McMurdo Station (US) and Scott Base (NZ), and the location of the other specially protected areas in the Dry Valleys (Barwick Valley SSSI-3, and Linnaeus Terrace SSSI –19).
Map B: Canada Glacier, protected area location image map. Specifications are the same as those for Map A; the underlying image is Landsat Thematic Mapper Band 4, 6 January 1993, Row 115 Path 57, with an original pixel resolution of 30 m.
Map C: Canada Glacier, topographic map. Map specifications are the same as those for Map A. Contours are derived from the digital elevation model used to generate the orthophotograph in Map D. Precise area of moist ground associated with the flush is subject to variation seasonally and inter-annually.
Map D: Canada Glacier, site orthophotograph. Specifications are the same as those for Map A; the original orthophotograph was prepared at 1:2500 in colour with a pixel resolution of 0.25 m and a positional accuracy of <1 m. Photography USGS/DoSLI (SN7856) 22 November 1993.
Figure 1: Perspective view of the Canada Glacier protected area, combining orthophoto and Landsat images. The perspective is from an elevation of 485 m (1600 ft), 1.1 km out from the Area at a bearing of 95° SE.
6. Description of the Area
6(i) Geographical coordinates, boundary markers and natural features
The designated Area encompasses most of the glacier forefield area on the east side of the lower Canada Glacier, on the north shore of Lake Fryxell (77°37 S, 163°03 E: Maps A and B). The south boundary of the Area is defined as the shoreline of Lake Fryxell, to the water’s edge, extending about 1 km east from where the Canada Glacier toe meets Lake Fryxell. The west boundary of the Area follows the edge of the Canada Glacier. The SE corner is near the neck of a small peninsula extending into L. Fryxell. The peninsula, outside of the Area, is marked by a large rock (split) surrounded by a circle of rocks which was a benchmark for the 1985 NZ survey of the original SSSI. A wooden post marking Dry Valley Drilling Project Site 7 (1973) is about 10 m to the NW of this point. A moraine ridge extends from the SE corner upward and in a northerly direction: this ridge defines the eastern boundary of the Area. The ridge dips sharply before joining the featureless slope of the main Taylor Valley wall: the NE corner of the Area is in this dip and will be marked by a cairn. A cairn will also be placed on a knoll on the ridge 450 m from the SE corner point.
Above the central flush a slope of lateral moraine of fairly even gradient extends upward and parallel to the glacier for about I km. At the top of this slope is a small knoll (220 m) about 300 m from where the glacier emerges into the Taylor Valley: a cairn and signpost will mark the boundary of the Area at this point. The upper, northern, boundary of the Area extends from the Canada Glacier to the boundary markers on the knoll and thence declines in elevation in an easterly direction for 1.7 km to the NE boundary cairn. The broad area above this upper boundary — outside of the Area — as an access ‘corridor’ between L. Fryxell and L. Hoare.
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The central flush area (Maps C and D) containing the richest stands of vegetation is close to the glacier edge, near a small, shallow pond. The flush area is gently sloping and very moist with numerous small ponds and rivulets in the summer. The slopes above this area are better drained, but vegetation colonises several small stream channels which extend parallel to the glacier from the upper boundary of the Area down to the flush. Undulating moraines assist accumulation of persistent snow patches on this slope, which may also provide moisture for plant growth. Stream channels, and associated vegetation, become less obvious with distance from the glacier. These slopes and the central flush are drained to the SE by Canada Stream, one of three streams which dominate the water input to Lake Fryxell. In the 1990–91 season Canada Stream had a maximum streamflow of 0.65 m3s-1 with a peak daily mean flow of 0.34 m3s-1, both occurring in December.
Three moss species have been identified from the flush area: Bryum argenteum, Bryum pseudotriquetrum and Pottia heimii. Lichen growth in the Area is inconspicuous, but two epilithic lichens, Carbonea capsulata and an unknown species of Sarcogyne, and Lecanora expectans and Caloplaca citrina may be found in a small area near the outflow of the pond near Canada Glacier. Chasmoendolithic lichens occur in many boulders. Over 37 species of freshwater algae have been described at the site, predominantly from the Cyanophyta. The upper part of Canada Stream superficially appears sparse in algal growth. However, abundant encrusting epilithophytes grow on the undersides of stones and boulders. Two algae, Prasiola calophylla and Chamaesiphon subglobosus, have been observed only in this upper part of the stream. Cyanobacterial mats are extensive in the middle and lower reaches of the stream. Mucilaginous colonies of Nostoc commune dominate wetter parts of the central flush, while oscillatoriacean felts cover much of the mineral fines. Epiphytic algae, dominated by Nostoc, are common over the surface of Bryum argenteum and Pottia heimii. The lower stream is similar in floral composition, although it is notable in that the alga Tribonema elegans is abundant while absent further upstream: this is the first record of this alga from Antarctica. Phormidium and Gloeocapsa species are common throughout the stream-course.
Invertebrates from six phyla have been described in the Area: the three main groups are Rotifera, Nematoda and Tardigrada, with Protozoa, Platyhelminthes, and Arthropoda also present.
Evidence of human activities is commonplace within the Area. The main forms of damage evident at sites of vegetation are paths and footprints, removal of core samples from bryophyte turfs, and removal of larger clumps of bryophyte turfs. A number of old markers exist in the flush area and there has been some site modification closeby in the form of small rock dams, soil pits and several old campsites — much of this was remediated in the 1995–96 season. A plastic greenhouse was erected within the Area close to the flush in 1979 for experimental growth of garden vegetables, but this was destroyed in 1983 by a winter storm. Remains of the greenhouse found in the Area have been removed.
6(ii) Restricted zones within the Area
None.
6(iii) Structures within and near the Area
The first New Zealand hut at Canada Glacier was relocated to a second site in 1989, and removed completely in 1995–96. The second site is now designated for essential camping associated with research, marked on Maps C and D. Paths marked by lines of rocks, areas cleared for use as campsites, an old helicopter pad, and several low rock structures associated with the first hut site have now been remediated. A series of at least four shallow pits (~1 m in depth) were dug close to the old hut site. The second hut site comprised two small buildings, several new campsites, and a new helicopter pad. A path exists between the site and the glacier edge, crossing a moist area of plant growth. The helicopter pad remains as the current designated landing site.
A rock weir had been constructed in the constricted part of Canada Stream prior to 1981; in 1990 a more substantial weir and 9-inch Parshall flume were installed nearby (Maps C and D). The flume is made of black fibreglass. The weir consists of polyester sandbags filled with alluvium from near the stream channel: areas disturbed during construction were restored and after one season were not evident. The upstream side of the weir is lined with vinyl-coated nylon. A notch has been built into the weir for relief in case of high flow. Clearance of seasonal snow from the channel has been necessary to prevent water from backing up at the weir. Data logging instrumentation and batteries are stored in a plywood crate located nearby on the north side of the stream.
Signposts and cairns mark the Area boundaries.
The US Fryxell Hut (20 m ASL) is located 1.5 km to the east, and Hoare Hut (65 m ASL is located 3 km to the west of the Area (Maps A and B).
6(iv) Location of other protected areas within close proximity of the Area
The nearest protected areas to Canada Glacier are Linnaeus Terrace (SSSI-19) 47 km west in the Wright Valley, and Barwick Valley (SSSI-3) 50 km to the NW (Inset, Map A).
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7. Permit Conditions
Entry into the Area is prohibited except in accordance with a Permit issued by appropriate national authorities. Conditions for issuing a Permit to enter the Area are that:
• it is issued only for scientific study of the ecosystem, or for compelling scientific reasons that cannot be served elsewhere, or for essential management purposes consistent with plan objectives such as inspection or review;
• the actions permitted will not jeopardise the ecological or scientific values of the Area;
• any management activities are in support of the aims of the Management Plan;
• the actions permitted are in accordance with the Management Plan;
• the Permit, or an authorized copy, shall be carried within the Area;
• a visit report shall be supplied to the authority named in the Permit;
• permits shall be issued for a stated period.
7(i) Access to and movement within the Area
Vehicles are prohibited within the Area and access shall be by foot or by helicopter. Helicopter access should be from south of the line marked on the accompanying site maps, and overflight within the Area less than 100m Above Ground Level (AGL) north of this line is prohibited. Helicopters shall land only at the designated site (163° 02’ 53” E, 77° 36’ 58” S: Map B) and overflight of the Area should generally be avoided. Exceptions to these flight restrictions, which will only be granted for an exceptional scientific or management purpose, must be specifically authorised by Permit. Use of helicopter smoke grenades within the Area is prohibited unless absolutely necessary for safety, and then these should be retrieved. Visitors, pilots, air crew, or passengers en route elsewhere on helicopters, are prohibited from moving on foot beyond the immediate vicinity of the designated landing and camping site unless specifically authorised by a Permit.
Pedestrians travelling up- or down-valley shall not enter the Area without a Permit. Permitted visitors entering the Area are encouraged to keep to established routes where possible. Visitors should avoid walking on visible vegetation or through stream beds. Care should be exercised walking in areas of moist ground, where foot traffic can easily damage sensitive soils, plant and algal communities, and degrade water quality: walk around such areas, on ice or rocky ground, and step on larger stones when stream crossing is necessary. Care should also be taken of salt-encrusted vegetation in drier areas, which can be inconspicuous. Pedestrian traffic should be kept to the minimum necessary consistent with the objectives of any permitted activities and every reasonable effort should be made to minimise effects.
7(ii) Activities that are or may be conducted in the Area, including restrictions on time or place
Scientific research that will not jeopardise the ecosystem of the Area;
Essential management activities, including monitoring.
In view of the importance of the water regime to the ecosystem, activities should be conducted so that disturbance to water courses and water quality is minimised. Activities occurring outside of the Area (e.g. on the Canada Glacier) which may have the potential to affect water quality should be planned and conducted taking possible downstream effects into account. Those conducting activities within the Area should also be mindful of any downstream effects within the Area and on Lake Fryxell.
7(iii) Installation, modification or removal of structures
Any structures erected or scientific equipment installed within the Area are to be specified in a Permit. Scientific equipment shall be clearly identified by country, name of the principal investigator and year of installation. All such items should be made of materials that pose minimal risk of contamination of the Area. Removal of specific equipment for which the Permit has expired shall be a condition of the Permit.
7(iv) Location of field camps
Nearby permanent camps outside of the Area should be used as a base for work in the Area. Camping at the designated campsite (Maps B and C) may be permitted to meet specific essential scientific or management needs.
7(v) Restrictions on materials and organisms which can be brought into the Area
No living animals, plant material or microorganisms shall be deliberately introduced into the Area and precautions shall be taken against accidental introductions. No herbicides or pesticides shall be brought into the Area. Any other chemicals, including radio-nuclides or stable isotopes, which may be introduced for scientific or management purposes specified in the Permit, shall be removed from the Area at or before the conclusion of the activity for which the Permit was granted. Fuel is not to be stored in the Area, unless required for essential purposes connected with the activity for which the Permit has been granted. All materials introduced shall be for a stated period only, shall be removed at or before the conclusion of that stated period, and shall be stored and handled so that risk of their introduction into the environment is minimised.
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7(vi) Taking or harmful interference with native flora or fauna
This is prohibited, except in accordance with a Permit. Where animal taking or harmful interference is involved this should, as a minimum standard, be in accordance with the SCAR Code of Conduct for the Use of Animals for Scientific Purposes in Antarctica.
7(vii) Collection or removal of anything not brought into the Area by the Permit holder
Material may be collected or removed from the Area only in accordance with a Permit and should be limited to the minimum necessary to meet scientific or management needs. Material of human origin likely to compromise the values of the Area, which was not brought into the Area by the Permit Holder or otherwise authorised, may be removed unless the impact of removal is likely to be greater than leaving the material in situ: if this is the case the appropriate authority should be notified.
7(viii) Disposal of waste
All wastes, including all human wastes, shall be removed from the Area.
7(ix) Measures that are necessary to ensure that the aims and objectives of the Management Plan can continue to be met
1. Permits may be granted to enter the Area to carry out biological monitoring and site inspection activities, which may involve the collection of small samples for analysis or review, to erect or maintain signposts, or for protective measures.
2. Any specific sites of long-term monitoring shall be appropriately marked.
3. To help maintain the ecological and scientific values of the plant communities found at the Area visitors shall take special precautions against introductions. Of particular concern are microbial or vegetation introductions sourced from soils at other Antarctic sites, including stations, or from regions outside Antarctica. To minimise the risk of introductions, visitors shall thoroughly clean footwear and any equipment to be used in the area — particularly camping and sampling equipment and markers — before entering the Area.
7(x) Requirements for reports
Parties should ensure that the principal holder for each permit issued submit to the appropriate authority a report describing the activities undertaken. Such reports should include, as appropriate, the information identified in the Visit Report form suggested by SCAR. Parties should maintain a record of such activities and, in the Annual Exchange of Information, should provide summary descriptions of activities conducted by persons subject to their jurisdiction, which should be in sufficient detail to allow evaluation of the effectiveness of the Management Plan. Parties should, wherever possible, deposit originals or copies of such original reports in a publicly accessible archive to maintain a record of usage, to be used both in any review of the management plan and in organising the scientific use of the Area.
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Management Plan for Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) No 13
POTTER PENINSULA
25 DE MAYO (KING GEORGE) ISLAND
SOUTH SHETLANDS ISLANDS
1. Description of Values to be Protected
This area was originally designated as SSSI No. 13 in ATCM Recommendation XIII-8 after a proposal by Argentina because of its diverse avian and mammal fauna and locally rich vegetation, providing a representative sample of maritime Antarctic ecosystem. Coastal areas support large breeding colonies of ten seabird species, including three penguin species and three species of marine mammals.
The reasons for the original designation of the Area are still relevant. Scientific research on the breeding ecology of elephant seals and seabirds has been undertaken since 1982. This includes both the CCAMLR Ecosystem Monitoring Programme and basic biological and ecological research that must be developed without interferences by other human activities. Long-term research programmes could be endangered by accidental interference, especially during breeding periods.
2. Aims and Objectives
Management of Potter Peninsula aims to:
• Avoid major changes in the structure and composition of communities of flora and fauna;
• Prevent unnecessary human disturbance to the area;
• Permit scientific research which cannot be served elsewhere, and allow the continuity of the ongoing long-term biological and ecological research programmes established in the Area.
3. Management Activities
The following management activities will be undertaken to protect the values of the area:
• Because the area is close to a station permanently occupied, a marker board will be placed at the principal access point illustrating the location boundaries and stating entry restrictions;
• Within the Area those locations used for reasearch will be clearly marked.
• Priority pedestrian routes within the Area will be established for transit to sample sites.
• Collection of samples will be limited to the minimum required for approved scientific research.
• Visits shall be made as necessary to ensure management and maintenance measures are adequate.
4. Period of Designation
Designated for an indefinite period.
5. Maps
Map 1 shows the location of Potter Peninsula in relation with the Antarctic Peninsula.
Map 2 shows the location of Potter Peninsula in relation with 25 de Mayo (King George) Island. Map 3 shows the Protected Area in greater detail.
6. Description of the Area
6(i) Geographical co-ordinates and natural features of the Area
The site is located on the east side of Maxwell Bay, south-west of 25 de Mayo (King George) Island between Mirounga Point (the north-west most extreme point of Potter Peninsula) and the east side of Stranger Point (lat. 62° 15 S - long 58° 37 W). The site occupies the coastal zone of variable width up to 500 m from the shore line (low water mark) and rising to above 70m altitude at Stranger Point. It is maintly an area of raised beaches, mostly pebble-covered, backed by basalt cliffs, terminal or lateral moraines and small glaciers. The coastline is very irregular and alternates between small base and rocky headlands.
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This area offers a great scientific value by the presence of many bird colonies (Adelie penguin, gentoo penguin, chinstrap penguin, Dominican gull, brown skua, Antarctic tern, sheathbill, giant petrel and cape petrel) and breeding groups of marine mammals (Crabeater seal, Weddell seal, Southern elephant seal). There is a relatively abundant development of lichen-dominated plant communities, especially on the succession of prominent rocks along the beach. Long-term research and research programmes could be endangered by accidental interference, destruction of vegetation and soil, and perturbation of breeding birds and mammals.
6(ii) Restricted zones within the Area
None
6(iii) Location of structures within the Area
Within the Area there is a small Argentine refuge used by research teams. The refuge measuring 3 by 2.5m, is built of metal sheets and glass-fibre roof. It can accommodate up to two persons. Approximately 500 metres outside the site is placed Jubany Station.
6(iv) Location of other Protected Areas within close proximity
SSSI No. 5, Fildes Peninsula lies about 20 km to the east direction. SSSI No. 8 Western Shore of Admiralty Bay lies 10 km to the north-east direction. SSSI No. 14 Harmony Point, lies about 30 km to the WSW direction.
7. Permit conditions
Entry into the Area is prohibited except in accordance with a permit issued by appropriate national authorities.
Conditions for issuing a Permit to enter the Area are that:
• It is used to continue study for the natural history, biology and ecology of the flora and fauna of the area or for a compelling scientific purpose that cannot be met elsewhere;
• The actions permitted will not jeopardise the natural ecological system in the Area;
• Any management activities are in support of the objectives of the Management Plan;
• The actions permitted are in accordance with this Management Plan;
• The Permit, or authorised copy, must be carried within the Site of Special Scientific Interest.
• A report or reports are supplied to the authority that issued the Permit.
7(i) Access to and movements within the Area
The access to the Area is restricted to the Northern end, near the helipad. Marine access will be restricted to a landing site in front of the refuge. No vehicles or aircraft are permitted in the Area except under emergency.
Limitation on access to particular localities used by breeding birds and mammals for specific periods may be necessary.
7(ii) Activities which are or may be conducted within the Area including restrictions on time and place
Scientific study and monitoring of the populations of flora and fauna in the area and compelling scientific research which cannot be conducted elsewhere and which will not interfere with ongoing long-term research programmes or jeopardise the structure or dynamics of the ecosystem of the Area.
Essential management activities, including monitoring.
7(iii) Installation, modification or removal of structures
No additional structures are to be erected in the Area, or scientific equipment installed, except for essential scientific or management activities, as specified in a Permit.
7(iv) Location of field camps
Parties using the Area will normally be able to use Jubany Station. In the event that this is not possible, a camp site should be used near the existing station and outside the Area.
7(v) Restriction on material and organisms which may be brought into the Area
No living animals or plant material shall be deliberately introduced into the Area.
No poultry products, including food products containing uncooked dried eggs, shall be taken into the Area. No herbicides or pesticides shall be brought into the Area. Any other chemicals, which may be introduced for compelling scientific purpose specified in the permit, shall be removed from the Area at or before the conclusion of the activity for which the Permit was granted.
As far as possible the use of chemicals should be clearly documented for the benefit of later researchers.
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Fuel, food and other material are not to be stored in the Area, unless required for essential purposes connected with the activity for which the Permit has been granted. All such material introduced are to be removed when no longer required. Permanent depots are not permitted.
7(vi) Taking or harmful interference with native flora and fauna
This is prohibited, except in accordance with a Permit. Where animal taking or harmful interefence is involved this should be in accordance with the SCAR Code of Conduct for Use of Animals for Scientific Purposes in Antarctica, as a minimum standard.
7(vii) Collection or removal of anything not brought into the area by the permit holder
Biological specimens and samples may be collected and/or removed from the Area only according to a permit. Debries of human origin should be removed and reported to the authority that issued the permit. Dead biological specimens may be removed for pathological analysis.
7(viii) Disposal of waste
All non-human wastes shall be removed from the Area to the nearby research station. Human waste may be deposited in the sea.
7(ix) Measures that may be necessary to ensure that the aims and objectives of the management plan continue to be met
Permits may be granted to enter the area to carry out biological and ecological studies and monitoring, and site inspection activities, including the collection of small amoungs of plant material and small numbers of animals for scientific purposes, to erect or maintain noticeboards and protective measures.
All scientific structures and instrumentation, including research markers, installed in the Area must be authorised in a permit and clearly identified by country, name of investigator and year of installation. Research markers and structures must be removed at or before the expiry of the Permit. If specific scientific projects cannot be concluded within the permitted time, applications must be made for an extension to leave the items in situ.
7(x) Requirements for reports
The principal permit holder for each issued permit shall submit a report of activities conducted in the Area. This report shall be submitted to the authority named in the Permit as soon as practicable. Such report should be stored indefinitely and made accessible to interested Parties, SCAR, CCAMLR, and COMNAP if requested, to provide the documentation of human activities within the Area necessary for good management.
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Management Plan for Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) No. 14
HARMONY POINT, NELSON ISLAND
SOUTH SHETLAND ISLANDS
1. Description of Values to be Protected
This area was originally designaed as SSSSI No. 14 in ATCM Recommendation XIII-8, after a proposal by Argentina and Chile, because of its diverse seabird community and extensive terrestrial vegetation cover and rich flora including mosses, lichens and two vascular plant species.
Ice free land supports large breeding colonies of 11 seabird species, and one of the largest single colonies of chinstrap penguin. The seabird colonies, and particularly the chinstrap penguin colony, are still important for scientific purposes, and have shown significant increases in the last decade. The Area supports a large giant petrel colony (500 breeding pairs), a species which is highly sensitive to any kind of human disturbance and is decreasing in many sites in Antarctica.
The Area is an excellent example of the South Shetland Islands maritime Antarctic seabird community and terrestrial ecosystem, allowing long term research without damage or interference.
2. Aims and Objectives
Management of Harmony Point aims to:
• Avoid major changes in the structure and composition of communities of flora and fauna;
• Prevent unnecessary human disturbance to the area;
• Permit scientific research which cannot be served elsewhere, and allow the continuity of the ongoing long-term biological and ecological research programmes established in the Area.
3. Management Activities
The following management activities will be undertaken to protect the values of the area:
• A marker board will be placed at the principal access point illustrating the location, boundaries and stating entry restrictions;
• Access to the Area and paths will be marked;
• Preferred walking routes within the Area will be established for transit to sample sites;
• Collection of samples will be limited to the minimum required for authorised scientific research;
• Visits shall be made as necessary to ensure management and maintenance measures are adequate.
4. Period of Designation
Designated for an indefinite period.
5. Maps
Map 1: shows the location of Nelson Island in relation with the Antarctic Peninsula.
Map 2: shows the location of Harmony point on Nelson Island.
Map 3: shows the Protected Area in greater detail.
6. Description of the Area
6(i) Geographical coordinates and natural features of the Area
This Area is located in the west coast of Nelson Island, between 25 de Mayo (King George) Island to the Northeast and Robert Island to the Southwest (lat. 62° 18 S; 59° 14 W).
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The Area includes Harmony Point and the Toe, the adjacent ice and surrounding marine zone within the rectangle showed on maps 2 and 3.
Geomorphologically Harmony Point presents three well defined units: an andesitic plateau, coastal andesitic outcrops and ancient sea levels (raised beaches). The plateau reaches 40 metres above sea level is its area is covered by detritus resulting from the destruction of andeistic rock by freeze/thaw action, with a well-developed vegetation of mosses and lichens.
Lakes and streams with a limited flow appear on the undulations. Some isolated andesitic rocks stand out from the glacier ice, and some of them are formed on the degalciated plateau (ancient nuntaks), evidencing that the past extension of the glacier covered Harmony Point.
There are three successive raised beaches, between the coast and the westward extremity and the glacier. These beaches are defined by pebble accumulations of variable height.
The Area holds breeding colonies of eleven seabird species: gentoo penguin 4,000 pairs, chinstrap penguin 12,000 pairs, giant petrel 500 pairs, cape petrel 300 pairs, blue eyed shag 110 pairs, sheathbill 110 pairs, brown skua 40 pairs, Dominican gull 120 pairs, Antarctic tern 30 pairs. Other seabirds nesting in the Area are Wilson storm petrel and black-bellied storm petrel.
There are some extensive areas covered by a very rich and diverse development of bryophytes and lichen-dominated plant communities, including two vascular plant species, especially in the areas less affected by recent perturbation or breeding activities. Moss turf subformations are located in wind protected and moist places, whilst lichen-dominated subformations occur in places with a high wind exposure.
6(ii) Restricted zones within the Area
There are no prohibited zones within the Area, but access to bird breeding areas should be restricted during the breeding season (September to March) and damage to vegetation should be avoided by limited access to the marked paths.
6(iii) Location of structures within the Area
There is a refuge measuring 4.5 by 3.5m, that can house three scientists, and a storage building. The installations are used only during spring and summer. There is an Argentine navigation light on the westmost point of Harmony Point.
6(iv) Location of other Protected Areas within close proximity
SPA No. 16, Coppermine Peninsula, Robert Island lies about 30 km southwest. SSSI No. 13 Potter Peninsula, 25 de Mayo (King George) Island lies about 30 km east-north-east. SSSI No. 5, Fildes Peninsula, 25 de Mayo (King George) Island lies about 23km north-north-east. SSSI No. 8, Western Shore of Laserre /Admiralty Bay, 25 de Mayo (King George) Island lies about 45km east-north-east.
7. Permit Conditions
Entry into the Area is prohibited except in accordance with a permit issued by appropriate national authorities.
Conditions for issuing a Permit to enter the Area are that:
• It is issued to continue study of the natural history, biology and ecology of the flora and fauna of the area or for a compelling scientific purpose that cannot be met elsewhere;
• The actions permitted will not jeopardise the natural ecological system in the Area;
• Any management activities are in support of the objectives of the Management Plan;
• The actions permitted are in accordance with this Management Plan;
• The Permit, or authorised copy, must be carried within the Site of Special Scientific Interest;
• A report or reports are supplied to the authority that issued the Permit.
7(i) Access to and movements within the Area
Access to Harmony Point area from the sea, which is the preferred method, is restricted to the pebble beach 400m south-west to the refuge. There is a navigation light located in the westmost point of Harmony Point. Access to the navigation light is by boat from the coast at the south of the light. Special access points are not specified for the Toe, but access is limited to inflatable boats.
Aircraft landing should be avoided where practicable. Small planes could land on the glacier but flights over the Area are not allowed. Helicopters must not overfly any of the major bird breeding areas, and should land only in the vicinity of the refuge or landing beach. Map 3 shows proposed helicopter flight route. It is forbidden to overfly the Area below 250m above the highest point except for access to the landing point specified above.
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Pedestrians must use established routes, particularly during the bird breeding season.
Vehicles are prohibited in the area.
7(ii) Activities which are or may be conducted within the Area including restrictions on time and place
Scientific study and monitoring of the populations of flora and fauna in the area and compelling scientific research which cannot be conducted elsewhere and which will not interfere with ongoing long-term research programmes or jeopardise the structure or dynamics of the ecosystem of the Area.
Essential management activities, including monitoring.
7(iii) Installation, modification or removal of structures
No additional structures are to be erected in the Area, or scientific equipment installed, except for essential scientific or management activities, as specified in a Permit.
7(iv) Location of field camps
No additional structures are to be erected in the Area, or scientific equipment installed, except for essential scientific or management activities, as specified in a Permit.
7(v) Restriction on material and organisms which may be brought into the Area
No living animals or plant material shall be deliberately introduced into the Area.
No poultry products, including food products containing uncooked dried eggs, shall be taken into the Area.
No herbicides or pesticides shall be brought into the Area. Any other chemicals, which may be introduced for compelling scientific purpose specified in the permit, shall be removed from the Area at or before the conclusion of the activity for which the Permit was granted.
As far as possible the use of chemicals should be clearly documented for the benefit of later researchers.
Fuel, food and other material are not to be stored in the Area, unless required for essential purposes connected with the activity for which the Permit has been granted. All such material introduced are to be removed when no longer required. Permanent depots are not permitted.
7(vi) Taking or harmful interference with native flora and fauna
This is prohibited, except in accordance with a Permit. Where animal taking or harmful intereference is involved this should be in accordance with the SCAR Code of Conduct for Use of Animals for Scientific Purposes in Antarctica, as a minimum standard.
7(vii) Collection or removal of anything not brought into the area by the permit holder
Biological specimens and samples may be collected and/or removed from the Area only according to a permit. Debris of human origin should be removed and reported to the authority that issued the permit. Dead biological specimens may be removed for pathological analysis.
7(viii) Disposal of waste
All non-human waste shall be removed from the Area. Human waste may be deposited in the sea.
Waste resulting from research activities in the Area may be stored temporarily beside the refuge to await its removal from the Area at the first opportunity. Any such stored waste must be adequately contained, marked as waste and secured against accidental loss.
7(ix) Measures that may be necessary to ensure that the aims and objectives of the management plan continue to be met
Permits may be granted to enter the area to carry out biological and ecological studies and monitoring, and site inspection activities, including the collection of small amounts of plant material and small numbers of animals for scientific purposes, to erect or maintain notice boards and protective measures.
All scientific structures and instrumentaton, including research markers, installed in the Area must be authorised in a permit and clearly identified by country, name of investigator and year of installation. Research markers and structures mujst be removed at or before the expiry of the Permit. If specific scientific projects cannot be concluded within the permitted time, applications must be made for an extension to leave the items in situ.
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7(x) Requirements for reports
The principal permit holder for each issued permit shall submit a report of activities conducted in the Area. This report shall be submitted to the authority named in the Permit as soon as practicable. Such reports should be stored indefinitely and made accessible to interested Parties, SCAR, CCAMLR, and COMNAP if requested, to provide the documentation of human activities within the Area necessary for good management.
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Management Plan for Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) No 15
CIERVA POINT, DANCO COAST
ANTARCTIC PENINSULA
1. Description of Values to be Protected
This area was originally designated as SSSI No. 15 in ATCM Recommendation XIII-8, after a proposal by Argentina, as an important example of well developed maritime vegetation and having breeding colonies of at least five bird species.
This area has a great scientific value due to the presence of important bird colonies (gentoo penguin, brown skua, blue-eyed shag, snow petrel, Dominican gull), an abundant development of plant cover, and a diverse flora that includes the two Antarctic flowering plant species and some liverworts and an associated invertebrate fauna. Its littoral area possesses abundant tidal pools inhabited by a large number of marine invertebrates. Long-term research programmes on terrestrial ecology and natural variability could be endangered by accidental interference, destruction of vegetation and soil, pollution of rock pools and perturbation of breeding birds.
2. Aims and Objectives
Management of Cierva Point aims to:
• Avoid major changes in the structure and composition of communities of flora and fauna;
• Protect long-term research programmes on terrestrial ecology and natural variability established in the Area;
• Prevent unnecessary human disturbance to the area;
• Utilise the Area as a monitoring site to assess direct and indirect effects of the neighbouring station.
3. Management Activities
The following management activities will be undertaken to protect the values of the area:
• A marker board will be placed at the principal access point illustrating the location boundaries and stating entry restrictions;
• Access to the Area and paths will be marked;
• Priority pedestrian routes within the Area will be established for transit to sample sites;
• Collection of samples will be limited to the minimum required for approved scientific research;
• Visits shall be made as necessary to ensure management and maintenance measures are adequate.
4. Period of Designation
Designated for an indefinite period.
5. Maps
Map 1 shows the location of Cierva Point in relation with the Antarctic Peninsula. Map 2 shows the location of Cierva Point and adjacent islands in relation to Danco Coast. Map 3 shows the area surrounding Primavera Station in detail to indicate access to the Protected Area.
6. Description of the Area
6(i) Geographical co-ordinates and natural features of the Area
Cierva Point (lat. 64° 10 S, lon. 60° 57 W) is in the north-west of the Antarctic Peninsula, on the south coast of Cierva Cove, at the north end of Hughes Bay. The site comprises Cierva Point, encompassing the land west on an imaginary line drawn from the southeast of the north side of the Point, through the summit of a flat hill of 540m high, to the southeast of the south side of the Point. Also included are Apéndice Rivera/Sterneck Island, and José Hernández/Bofill/Midas Island and López/Moss Island, which lie mainly between José Hernández/Bofill/Midas Island and Cierva Point. Although the intertidal zone of each of these areas is included in the Area, the subtidal marine environment is not included.
Base Primavera (Argentina) and all its associated installations and areas of disturbance are excluded from the area.
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The plant cover of lichen, moss and grass-dominated communities is very extensive. The dominant plant communities are lichen-dominated fellfield, Polytrichum-Chorisodontiun moss turf and Descampsia-Colobantus subformation. Areas of more than a hundred square metres off the ground are covered by moss turves, with a peat depth of about 80 cm. This type of habitat allows the establishment of many bird colonies, including gentoo penguins, chinstrap penguins, blue-eyed shags, brown skuas, Wilson’s storm petrels, sheathbills and kelp gulls.
6(ii) Restricted zones within the Area
None
6(iii) Location of structures within the Area
There are no vehicular routes, structures or refuges within the Area. Primavera Station (Argentina) located at the north west of the cape, is open in summers. It is composed of eight huts, and a place delimited for helicopter landings.
6(iv) Location of other Protected Areas within close proximity
None
7. Permit Conditions
Entry into the Area is prohibited except in accordance with a permit issued by appropriate national authorities.
Conditions for issuing a Permit to enter the Area are that:
• It is issued to continue study of terrestrial ecology and natural variability of the area or for a compelling scientific purpose that cannot be met elsewhere;
• The actions permitted will not jeopardise the natural ecological system in the Area;
• Any management activities are in support of the objectives of the Management Plan;
• The actions permitted are in accordance with this Management Plan;
• The Permit, or authorised copy, must be carried within the Site of Special Scientific Interest;
• A report or reports are supplied to the authority that issued the Permit.
7(i) Access to and movements within the Area
There is only one access to the Area for helicopters. Helicopters may only land in the specified area ESE of the station. The aircraft route to be used is limited to a north approach and departure. Marine access is allowed to any point for any of the islands. Access will be by permit issued by a component authority and will only be allowed for activities which are in accordance with this management plan. Tourism or any kind of recreational activities are not permitted. Movement within the site should be by designated pedestrian routes. No vehicle access is permitted.
7(ii) Activities which are or may be conducted within the Area including restrictions on time and place
Scientific study and monitoring of the terrestrial ecosystem and natural variability in the area and compelling ­scientific research which cannot be conducted elsewhere and which will not interfere with ongoing long-term research programmes or jeopardise the structure or dynamics of the ecosystem of the Area.
Essential management activities, including monitoring.
7(iii) Installation, modification or removal of structures
No structures are to be erected in the Area, or scientific equipment installed, except for essential scientific or ­management activities, as specified in a Permit.
7(iv) Location of field camps
Parties should not normally camp in the Area. If it is essential for safety reasons, tents should be erected having regard to causing the least damage to vegetation and disturbance to fauna.
7(v) Restriction on material and organisms which may be brought into the Area
No living animals or plant material shall be deliberately introduced into the Area.
No poultry products, including food products containing uncooked dried eggs, shall be taken into the Area. No herbicides or pesticides shall be brought into the Area. Any other chemicals, which may be introduced for compelling scientific purpose specified in the permit, shall be removed from the Area at or before the conclusion of the activity for which the Permit was granted.
As far as possible the use of chemicals should be clearly documented for the benefit of later researchers.
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Fuel, food and other material are not to be stored in the Area, unless required for essential purposes connected with the activity for which the permit has been granted. All such material introduced are to be removed when no longer required. Permanent depots are not permitted.
7(vi) Taking or harmful interference with native flora and fauna
This is prohibited, except in accordance with a Permit. Where animal taking or harmful interference is involved this should be in accordance with the SCAR Code of Conduct for Use of Animals for Scientific Purposes in Antarctica, as a minimum standard.
7(vii) Collection or removal of anything not brought into the area by the permit holder
Biological specimens and samples may be collected and/or removed from the Area only according to a permit. Debris of human origin should be removed and reported to the authority that issued the permit. Dead biological specimens may be removed for pathological analysis.
7(viii) Disposal of waste
All non-human wastes shall be removed from the Area to Primavera station. Human waste may be deposited in the sea.
7(ix) Measures that may be necessary to ensure that the aims and objectives of the management plan continue to be met
Permits may be granted to enter the area to carry out biological and ecological studies and monitoring, and site inspection activities, including the collection of small amounts of plant material and small numbers of animals for scientific purposes, to erect or maintain notice boards and protective measures.
All scientific structures and instrumentation, including research markers, installed in the Area must be authorised in a permit and clearly identified by country, name of investigator and year of installation. Research markers and structures must be removed at or before the expiry of the Permit. If specific scientific projects cannot be concluded within the permitted time, applications must be made for an extension to leave the items on site.
7(x) Requirements for reports
The principal permit holder for each issued permit shall submit a report of activities conducted in the Area. This report shall be submitted to the authority named in the Permit as soon as practicable. Such reports should be stored indefinitely and made accessible to interested Parties, SCAR, CCAMLR, and COMNAP if requested, to provide the documentation of human activities within the Area necessary for good management.
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Management Plan for Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) No. 37:

BOTANY BAY, CAPE GEOLOGY
VICTORIA LAND
1. Description of Values to be Protected
The Area at Botany Bay and Cape Geology (Granite Harbour, Victoria Land) has been proposed by New Zealand on the grounds that it is an extremely rich botanical refuge for such a high latitude location (162° 34 00 E, 77° 00 30 S), with a lichen and moss species diversity and abundance that is unique for Southern Victoria Land. In addition to a high diversity and abundance of lichens and mosses there are abundant growths of algae, large populations of invertebrates (collembola, mites, nematodes, rotifers) and a colony (in excess of 40 pairs) of South polar skua (Catharacta maccormicki). The area is the type locality for the collembolan Gomphiocephalus hodgsoni Carpenter.
The structure and development of the moss and lichen communities is similar to that found more than 10° of latitude further north, with several species at their known southern limit. The Area contains the most southerly record of an hepatic (Cephaloziella exiliflora). Of great significance is the size (up to 15cm diameter) of some lichen thalli (eg, Umbilicaria aprina). The boulder beach has rich populations of both epilithic and endolithic lichens.
In addition to the biological values described, the Area contains the remains of a rock shelter and associated artefacts of historical importance, known as ‘Granite House’, designated as Historic Site No. 67 in Measure 4 (1995). Constructed by members of the 1910-1913 British Antarctic Expedition, the shelter and associated artefacts are vulnerable to disturbance and are therefore managed as a Managed Zone within the Area, which is subject to access restrictions.
The limited goegraphical extent of the ecosystem, its unusual ecological features and importance, its exceptional scientific and historical value and the vulnerability of the Area to disturbance through trampling, sampling, pollution or alien introductions, are such that the Area requires long-term special protection.
2. Aims and Objectives
• avoid degradation of, or sustantial risk to, the values of the Area by preventing unnecessary human disturbance to the Area;
• allow scientific research on the ecosystem and elements of the ecosystem in particular on lichen and moss species, algae, invertebrates and skuas while ensuring protection from over-sampling;
• allow other scientific research provided it is for compelling reasons which cannot be served elsewhere;
• preserve a part of the natural ecosystem as a reference area for the purpose of future comparative studies;
• minimise the possibility of introduction of alien plants, animals and microbes to the Area;
• allow visits to ‘Granite House’, but under strict control by Permit;
• allow visits for management purposes in support of the aims of the management plan.
3. Management Activities
The following management activities are to be undertaken to protect the values of the Area:
• Signs showing the location of the Area (stating the special restrictions that apply) shall be displayed prominently, and a copy of this Management Plan shall be kept available, in all of the research hut facilities located within 25 km of the Area;
• Signs illustrating the location, boundaries and clearly stating entry restrictions shall be placed at appropriate locations at the boundaries of the Area and Zones within to help avoid inadvertent entry;
• Markers, signs or structures erected within the Area for scientific or management purposes shall be secured and maintained in good condition;
• Visits shall be made as necessary (no less than once every five years) to assess whether the Area continues to serve the purposes for which it was designated and to ensure management and maintenance measures are adequate;
• National Antarctic Programmes operating in the region shall consult together with a view to ensuring these steps are carried out.
4. Period of Designation
Designated for an indefinite period.


5. Maps and Photographs
Map A: Botany Bay and Cape Geology, protected area topographic map.
Map specifications:
Projection: Lambert conformal conic;
Standard parallels: 1st 79° 20
00 S; 2nd 76° 40 00 S
Central Meridian: 162° 30
00 E Latitude of Origin: 78° 01 16.211 S;
Spheroid: WGS84.
Inset 1: Southern Victoria Land, Ross Sea and Ross Island, showing location of Granite Harbour.
Inset 2: Cape Geology location map, and Granite Harbour region.
Map B: Botany Bay and Cape Geology, protected area orthophotograph.
Map specifications are the same as those in Map A. The original orthophotograph was prepared at 1:2500 with a positional accuracy of ±1.25 m (horizontal) and ±2.5 m (vertical) with an on-ground pixel resolution of 0.5 m. Photography: USGS/DoSLI (SN7851) 22 November 1993.
Map C: Managed Zone with ‘Granite House’ site orthophotograph, derived from Map B. The richest areas of vegetation, sensitive to disturbance, are shown.
6. Description of the Area
6(i) Geographical coordinates, boundary markers and natural features
Cape Geology is situated in the south-western corner of Granite Harbour, southern Victoria Land, at 162°32 52 E, 77°00 14 S, approximately 100 km north-west of Ross Island (Map A, Insets). The Area encompasses much of the catchment above Botany Bay and consists of raised boulder beach terraces, weathered rocky steppes and irregular rock platforms around Cape Geology, extending south to include a well-defined elevated cirque containing a small ice field. The bedrock geology at Cape Geology has been described as a porphyritic grey biotite-granite, with phenocrysts of orthoclase of reddish colour, casting the weathered rock with a reddish tinge.
The northwest corner of the Area is marked by a brass plaque in a boulder (M1, 2 m: Maps A and B) 400 m SW of Cape Geology. The west boundary is defined by a line extending first 260 m SSE from M1 to a large boulder (marked by a cairn) with terrier bolt (M2) at an elevation of 118 m on the ridge above the campsite; thence the boundary extends 250 m up this ridge to a point at 162 m elevation marked by an iron tube with bamboo pole. The west boundary extends a further 300 m up this ridge to a large pointed rock at 255 m elevation near the edge of the permanent ice field. The boundary then extends 150 m south across the ice field to the west edge of a prominent line of exposed rock and moraine in the SW corner of the Area at 325 m elevation. The south boundary follows this line of rock east until the exposure is buried by the ice-field, thence SE across the ice field for 500 m to the edge of a second and more prominent exposure at an elevation of just over 400 m (M3) The boundary follows the upper edge of this exposure and then crosses the ice field SE to an elevation of approximately 325 m where the ice-free eastern boundary ridge and the ice field converge. The east boundary follows the ridge crest for 1550 m in a NE direction to a large pointed rock on the ridge (M4, 392 m) where the east boundary turns to descend due north to the coast at the eastern extremity of the boulder beach of Botany Bay (M5, 5 m). The mean high water mark of the coastline of Botany Bay and Cape Geology forms the northern boundary of the Area.
The Area is extremely rich botanically for such a high-latitude location — it is also one of the richest sites in the whole of continental Antarctica. There is a high diversity and abundance of lichens (more than 30 species) and mosses (eight species), and the structure and development of these communities are similar to those found 10° of latitude further north. Some lichen thalli (e.g. Umbilicaria aprina) measure up to 15 cm diameter. The boulder beach has rich populations of both epilithic and endolithic lichens. The Area contains by far the most southerly record of an hepatic (Cephaloziella exiliflora) and the mosses Bryoerythrophyllum recurvirostre and possibly Ceratodon purpureus. There are abundant growths of algae (at least 85 taxa), although the algal flora is not considered particularly unusual for the locality. There are large populations of invertebrates (collembola, mites, nematodes, rotifers) and the area is the type locality for the collembolan Gomphiocephalus hodgsoni Carpenter. There is a colony of between 40 – 50 breeding pairs (and numerous non-breeders) of the south polar skua (Catharacta maccormicki), which is approximately the same number present in 1911–12. No other bird species are known to breed in the Cape Geology area.
6(ii) Restricted and managed zones within the Area
Restricted Zone: An area directly above Botany Bay is designated a Restricted Zone in order to preserve part of the Area as a reference site for future comparative studies, while the remainder of the Area (which is similar in biology, features and character) is more generally available for research programmes and sample collection. The west boundary of the Restricted Zone is defined by a line from a marker (iron tube in rock, 20 metres from mean high water mark, elevation 8 m) at the west side of Botany Bay (Map A), extending SW for 170 m up to a second iron tube marker on the crest of the adjacent ridge (87 m). This boundary extends 100
76 The Marine Mammal Commission Compendium

m to a third iron tube and a cairn (98 m), thence 50 m to a large flat rock in the centre of the main flush (marked ‘1’ on Maps A and B). The south boundary of the Restricted Zone extends from the flat rock in the flush in a straight line 820 m to the first of two prominent boulders closely adjacent to eachother, approximately in the middle of the ice-free slopes above Botany Bay (marked ‘2’ on Maps A and B at 165 m). The east boundary extends 300 m from there to a large rock at 135 m elevation, thence NE downslope to the NE boundary point (M5, 5 m). The north boundary of the Restricted Zone is the mean high water mark of Botany Bay and is coincident with the north boundary of the Area. Access to the Restricted Zone is allowed only for compelling scientific or management (such as inspection or review) purposes which cannot be served elsewhere in the Area.
Managed Zone: Situated at the coast at the northernmost tip of Cape Geology, a Managed Zone is designated to protect historic artifacts and plant communities within this vicinity, yet also to allow access to the rock shelter known as ‘Granite House’, which was designated as Historic Site No. 67 in Measure 4 (1995). The Managed Zone is an enclave of approximately 100 m by 80 m that surrounds a rock ridge leading from the coast at Cape Geology to the old shelter. The boundaries are marked on Map C, with the southernmost corner marked by a cairn on a prominent boulder overlooking the rock shelter. The shelter was constructed by members of the 1910-1913 British Antarctic Expedition, and used between December 1911 and January 1912 while the party carried out geological and biological exploration in the vicinity. The structure was built using a natural hollow in the rocks, with walls built up from granite boulders and a roof of seal skins: in December 1993 parts of the walls remained, but while several of the skins were present the roof had collapsed. Access to the Managed Zone may be allowed by Permit, subject to the conditions of this management plan.
6(iii) Structures within and near the Area
The only structures known to exist in the Area are ‘Granite House’, the boundary survey markers and signposts in appropriate locations.
6(iv) Location of other protected areas within close proximity of the Area
The nearest protected area to Cape Geology is SSSI-3 at Barwick Valley, 50 km distant in a SW direction in the Victoria Land Dry Valleys.
7. Permit Conditions
Entry into the Area is prohibited except in accordance with a Permit issued by appropriate national authorities. Conditions for issuing a Permit to enter the Area are that:
• outside of the Restricted and Managed Zones, it is issued only for scientific study of the ecosystem, or for compelling scientific reasons that cannot be served elsewhere, or for essential management purposes consistent with plan objectives such as inspection or review;
• access to the Restricted Zone is allowed only for compelling scientific or management reasons that cannot be served elsewhere in the Area;
• access to the Managed Zone may be permitted for scientific, management, historical, educational or recreational purposes;
• the actions permitted will not jeopardise the ecological, scientific or historic values of the Area;
• any management activities are in support of the objectives of the Management Plan;
• the actions permitted are in accordance with the Management Plan;
• the Permit, or an authorized copy, shall be carried within the Area;
• a visit report shall be supplied to the authority named in the Permit;
• permits shall be issued for a stated period.
7(i) Access to and movement within the Area
Vehicles are prohibited within the Area and access should be by foot. Helicopters are normally prohibited from landing within the Area: there is a designated site 60 m outside of the Area (162° 31 55 E, 77° 00 19 S: Map A). Access to the landing site should be from the open water / sea ice to the north of the Area. Overflight of the Area lower than 300 m (~1000 ft) above ground level is normally prohibited. When required for essential scientific or management purposes, transient overflight or landing may be allowed: conduct of such anticipated overflights or landings must be specifically authorised by Permit. Use of helicopter smoke grenades within the Area is prohibited unless necessary for safety, and all grenades should be retrieved. All helicopter landing or overflight lower than 300 m AGL is prohibited within the Restricted Zone.
Access into the Area should preferably be from the recommended camping area along a preferred walking route 10–20 m from the coast, which is relatively devoid of vegetation. Visitors should avoid walking on visible vegetation, or unnecessary disturbance to bird populations. Care should be exercised walking in areas of moist ground, where foot traffic can easily damage sensitive soils, plant and algal communities, and degrade water quality: walk around such areas, on ice or rocky ground. Pedestrian traffic should be kept to the minimum necessary consistent with the objectives of any permitted activities and every reasonable effort should be made to minimise effects.
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Access to the Managed Zone should preferably be from the coast, following the ridge leading up to ‘Granite House’ (Map C). An alternative route may be used from the west of the Managed Zone if sea-ice travel is unsafe (Maps A –C). Unless specifically authorised by Permit, visitors are prohibited from entering the historic shelter, and are limited to access and viewing from the rock ridge designated for access from the coast in order to prevent damage to the rich vegetation within the Managed Zone. Visitors shall not venture south of ‘Granite House’, unless specifically authorised by Permit. A maximum of 10 people is permitted to enter the Managed Zone at any one time, and a maximum of 5 people is allowed in the viewing area overlooking ‘Granite House’ at any one time (Map C).
7(ii) Activities that are or may be conducted in the Area, including restrictions on time or place
• scientific research that will not jeopardise the ecosystem of the Area;
• essential management activities, including monitoring;
• limited visits to the Managed Zone for reasons other than science or management subject to the conditions described in this plan;
• activities with the aim of preserving or protecting the historic resources within the Area.
7(iii) Installation, modification or removal of structures
No structures are to be erected within the Area except as specified in a Permit. All scientific equipment installed in the Area must be authorised by Permit and clearly identified by country, name of the principal investigator and year of installation. All such items should be made of materials that pose minimal risk of contamination of the Area. Removal of specific equipment for which the Permit has expired shall a condition of the Permit.
7(iv) Location of field camps
Camping within the Area is prohibited and should be at a site outside of the Area, 100 m from the NW corner (Map A), adjacent to the designated helicopter landing site. This camping site has been disturbed by previous activities and visitors should reoccupy these disturbed positions for tents and other facilities.
7(v) Restrictions on materials and organisms which can be brought into the Area
No living animals, plant material or microorganisms shall be deliberately introduced into the Area and precautions shall be taken against accidental introductions. No herbicides or pesticides shall be brought into the Area. Any other chemicals, including radio-nuclides or stable isotopes, which may be introduced for scientific or management purposes specified in the Permit, shall be removed from the Area at or before the conclusion of the activity for which the Permit was granted. Fuel is not to be stored in the Area, unless required for essential purposes connected with the activity for which the Permit has been granted. All materials introduced shall be for a stated period only, shall be removed at or before the conclusion of that stated period, and shall be stored and handled so that risk of their introduction into the environment is minimised.
7(vi) Taking or harmful interference with native flora or fauna
This is prohibited, except in accordance with a Permit. Where animal taking or harmful interference is involved this should, as a minimum standard, be in accordance with the SCAR Code of Conduct for the Use of Animals for Scientific Purposes in Antarctica.
7(vii) Collection or removal of anything not brought into the Area by the Permit holder
Material may be collected or removed from the Area only in accordance with a Permit and should be limited to the minimum necessary to meet scientific or management needs. Material of human origin likely to compromise the values of the Area, which was not brought into the Area by the Permit Holder or otherwise authorised, may be removed unless the impact of removal is likely to be greater than leaving the material in situ : if this is the case the appropriate authority should be notified.
Unless specifically authorised by Permit, visitors are prohibited from interfering with or attempting restoration of ‘Granite House’ in any way, or from handling, taking or damaging any artifacts found within the Managed Zone. Evidence of recent changes, damage or new artifacts observed should be notified to the appropriate national authority. Relocation or removal of artifacts for the purposes of preservation, protection or to re-establish historical accuracy is allowable by Permit.
7(viii) Disposal of waste
All wastes, including all human wastes, shall be removed from the Area.
7(ix) Measures that are necessary to ensure that the aims and objectives of the Management Plan can continue to be met
1. Permits may be granted to enter the Area to carry out biological monitoring and site inspection activities, which may involve the collection of small samples for analysis or review, to erect or maintain signposts, or for management activities, especially those associated with the Historic Site.
2. Any specific sites of long-term monitoring shall be appropriately marked.
3. To help maintain the ecological and scientific values of the isolation and relatively low level of human impact at the Area visitors shall take special precautions against introductions. Of particular concern are microbial or vegetation introductions
78 The Marine Mammal Commission Compendium
sourced from soils at other Antarctic sites, including stations, or from regions outside Antarctica. To minimise the risk of introductions, visitors shall thoroughly clean footwear and any equipment to be used in the area — particularly sampling equipment and markers — before entering the Area.
7(x) Requirements for reports
Parties should ensure that the principal holder for each permit issued submit to the appropriate authority a report describing the activities undertaken. Such reports should include, as appropriate, the information identified in the Visit Report form suggested by SCAR. Parties should maintain a record of such activities and, in the Annual Exchange of Information, should provide summary descriptions of activities conducted by persons subject to their jurisdiction, which should be in sufficient detail to allow evaluation of the effectiveness of the Management Plan. Parties should, wherever possible, deposit originals or copies of such original reports in a publicly accessible archive to maintain a record of usage, to be used both in any review of the management plan and in organising the scientific use of the Area.

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Tramway Ridge Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) No. 11
Proposed Change to Restricted Zone
1. Introduction
A new management plan for Tramway Ridge (SSSI No. 11) was adopted by the XIX ATCM in Seoul in 1995 (Measure 2). This site contains a “Restricted Zone”, where access is prohibited until agreed otherwise by a review of the management plan.
When preparing a new management plan for Botany Bay, Cape Geology, Victoria Land, New Zealand faced a question over terminology in attempting to describe a “Restricted Zone” proposed for the area. The science community supported controls on access to the proposed “Restricted Zone” at Botany Bay but favoured access to proposed zone to be “restricted” and not “prohibited”, as at Tramway Ridge. The justification for allowing access was the presence of a liverwort within the zone that scientists did not want to place completely off-limits until a management plan review.
The access policy for the “Restricted Zone” proposed for Cape Geology would therefore be inconsistent with the “Restricted Zone” policy now adopted for Tramway Ridge. New Zealand is concerned that as far as possible Consultative Parties should attempt to achieve consistency in policy for zones of the same name within Antarctic protected areas.
2. A Prohibited Zone at Tramway Ridge SSSI No. 11
One possible way to achieve consistency is to change the name of the “Restricted Zone” on Tramway Ridge to a “Prohibited Zone” and to proceed with the proposal to call the zone for Botany Bay a “Restricted Zone”. This proposed change in terminology would more accurately reflect the actual level of restriction /prohibition that applies, given that access to the “Restricted Zone” at Tramway Ridge is already strictly prohibited in order to preserve the northern half of the area as a reference site for future comparative studies.
New Zealand noted that the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty provides for “prohibiting” in Antarctica, and within protected areas specifically. Annex V, Article 5.3(f) provides for the “identification of zones within the area, in which activities are to be prohibited, restricted, or managed for the purpose of achieving the aims and objectives” of the management plan. In this, the Protocol makes a specific distinction between “restricted” and “prohibited”.
In June 1996, the SCAR Group of Specialists on Environmental Affairs and Conservation (GOSEAC) considered the question of zoning terminology GOSEAC concluded that the use of the terms “Prohibited Zone” and “Restricted Zone” under Annex V would be appropriate from a scientific, technical and environmental standpoint.
3. Conclusion
In view of these points, New Zealand considers that it would be appropriate to change the management plan for SSSI No. 11 at Tramway Ridge, Mt Erebus, so that the current designation of the “Restricted Zone” be changed to “Prohibited Zone”.
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MEASURE 4 (1997)
Antarctic Protected Areas System: Historic Sites and Monuments:
Memorial Cross, Lewis Bay, Ross Island.
The Representatives,
Recalling in particular Recommendation XI-3;
And also Recommendations 1-9, V-4, VI-14, VII-9, XIII-7, XIII-16, XIV-8;
Recommend to their Governments the following Measure for approval in accordance with paragraph 4 of Article 9 of the Antarctic Treaty to add the following historic monument to the “List of Historic Monuments Identified and Described by the Proposing Government or Governments” annexed to Recommendation VII-9, thereby guaranteeing its full protection and respect as envisaged by the Recommendation noted above.
Memorial Cross for the 1979 Mount Erebus Crash Victims, Lewis Bay, Ross Island.
A cross of stainless steel which was erected in January 1987 on a rocky promontory three kilometres from the Mount Erebus crash site in memory of the 257 people of different nationalities who lost their lives when the aircraft in which they were travelling crashed into the lower slopes of Mount Erebus, Ross Island. The Cross was erected as a mark of respect and in remembrance of those who died in this tragedy.
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MEASURE 5 (1997)
Antarctic Protected Areas System: Historic Sites and Monuments:
Amendment Number 41: Stone Hut on Paulet Island
The Representatives,
Recalling the Measures adopted in Recommendations I-IX, V-4, VI-14, VII-9; and Resolution 8 (1995);
Recommend to their Governments the following Measure for approval in accordance with paragraph 4 of Article IX of the Antarctic Treaty:
That an amendment of the description of Historic Site Number 41, which is contained in the “List of ­Historic Monuments and Described by the proposing Government or Governments” annexed to Recommendation VII-9, be approved.
Amendment to Listing:
Site Number 41: Stone Hut on Paulet Island.
The following text should be added to the final part of the paragraph;
“...and the rock cairn built by the survivors of the wreck at the highest point of the island to draw the attention of rescue expeditions.”
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